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Psyc 175- Psyc and Law > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Willie Horton

A

Murder & robbery
-> life in prison w/o parole

Weekend furlough

  • > didn’t return
  • > caught year later (committed awful crimes)
  • -> sentenced to consecutive terms

Lead to politicians “tough on crime”

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2
Q

Risk assessment

A

Assessing dangerousness

  • third party protection
  • involuntary commitment
  • denial of bail
  • hospitalization following NGRI
  • death penalty
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3
Q

Barefoot v. Estelle (1983)

A

Barefoot

  • convicted for murder of police officer
  • sentenced to death
  • based on testimony from psychiatrists on ‘future dangerousness’ saying absolute chance
  • > neither had actually EXAMINED HIM!

APA
~2/3 predictions were wrong
-prediction of violence deemed unreliable by field

Supreme Court
-went against science

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4
Q

Predicting dangerousness

A

Low base rates (many have same characteristic, but not all with that characteristic do X)
Hospitals/prisons vs. communities
Long-term risk vs. short-term risk (few years better)

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5
Q

General research procedures

A

Study a group
Develop list of risk factors to predict which ones (upon release) commit act of violence
Study patients post-release
Develop predictors of future dangerous, violent behavior

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6
Q

Risk assessments

A

Actuarial (completely structured) vs. clinical (based on intuition; completely unstructured) prediction [DICHOTOMY]

Structured vs. unstructured [CONTINUUM]

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7
Q

Structured risk assessment (VRAG)

A

Criteria and rule for assessment are SAME for all cases
Determine criteria and apply CONSISTENTLY to all cases

More structured, better at predicting
Mathematical process (cut off score)
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8
Q

Unstructured risk assessment (clinical)

A

Treat each case INDIVIDUALLY

Based on theoretical background and clinical experience

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9
Q

How should psychologists assess risk? (Monahan, 2007)

A

VRAG- 75% accuracy
-completely structured w/ no clinical review

His view- COVR (structured with clinical review in final assessment)

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10
Q

HCR-20: Webster et al. (1997)

A

Historical (all stable factors)
Clinical (more dynamic)
Risk management

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11
Q

Use of strutted violence risk assessments

A

Dip. of Board more likely to use structured tools than general practitioners of clinical psych (tend to use for Freudian techniques e.g., Rorschach)

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12
Q

Jurors’ reactions to risk assessment evidence

A

Test. from clinical assess. (more understandable and directly relevant) greater impact than actuarial assessment (more abstract, harder to understand, and less directly relevant)

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13
Q

Mental illness and dangerousness

A

Long held belief that NO relationship

Monahan

  • re-eval position
  • -> violence among disordered (higher for schiz., major depression, mania/bi-polar, alcohol or drug abuse/dependence)
  • -> disorder among violent (prison higher rate of mental health problems than those in jail or general pop)
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14
Q

Rodney Alcala

A

Accused of rape
-> charged for lesser crime

Later found guilty of many murders (suspected in additional cases)

Doc. psych disorder
History of violent sexual assault
Paroled twice after short sentences

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15
Q

Sex Offender Law

A

1994: Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offenders Registration Act

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16
Q

Philip Albert

A

Reg sex offender, FL
Dist. child porn (pic of ex)
Had just turned 18

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17
Q

Frank Rodriguez

A

Reg sex offender, TX
19 w/ 16 gf (probation and reg.)
Married her and has children

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18
Q

Juan Matamoros

A

Reg. sex offender, FL

Public urination

19
Q

Expanding definition of sex crimes

A 
Prostitution
Public exposure
Sexting
Public urination
Consensual sex (teens)

Over 700,000 reg. sex offenders in US

20
Q

Sexually violent predators (SVP)

A

At end of sentence, state hearing to determine if continued risk
-mental abnormality or personality disorder

If still risk

  • involuntary civil commitment
  • -> potentially indefinitely
  • -> constitutional (Kansas v. Hendricks)
  • —- deemed civil vs. criminal matter
21
Q

Kansas v. Hendricks (1997)

A

Ruled that involuntary civil commitment for SVP is constitutional b/c civil vs. criminal matter

22
Q

Greatest concern about SVP and habitual offenders

A

86% sexual assaults committed by known person
-classmate, friend, ex/current, acquaintance
Child, 90% known to victim
87% arrested had no prior convictions for sexual offenses

23
Q

Recidivism rates of sex offenders

A

Public: 75% reoffend
Relaity: 14% after 5-6 yrs.; 25% after 15 yrs

Likely to be very low est. b/c only reported crimes, etc.

24
Q

Risk factors of reoffending

A

General:
Antisocial orientation
-antisocial traits, unstable, substance abuse, hostility, history of rule violation

Sexual recidivism:
Antisocial orientation
Sexual deviancy
-ruminates on acts, children, rape, pararphilias
Deviant sexual attitudes
-emotional identification with children
25
Q

Does treatment for sex offenders work?

A

General vs. sexual recidivism (no sign. diff.)

Hanson et al. (2004) 12 yr follow up
No difference in treated vs. untreated sexual, violent or general

26
Q

First criminal profile

A

1888

Bond formed profile for Jack the Ripper

27
Q

Criminal profiling

A

Inferences about behavior, personality, motivation, and demographic characteristics based on crime scene and other evidence

What (was at the crime), Why (the crime was committed) -> who

28
Q

Emphasize signatures

A

Methods may change, but signatures are constant (have to do with why the crime is committed)
Assumption of reason or motivation

29
Q

Types of criminal profiling

A

Traditional (racial profiling)
Geographic profiling
Psychological autopsies

30
Q

Reliance on intuition and judgement

A

Clinical unstructured type approach

31
Q

Psychopathy characteristics

A 
Superficial charm, glibness 
Grandiose sense of self-worth
Deceitful ness
Impulsivity
Unlawfulness; recklessness
Need for stimulation;prone to boredom (lower base rate of psych arousal)
Manipulative
Lack of remorse or guilt
Callousness, lack empathy
Early behavior problems (fires, animal cruelty, stealing, etc.)
Failure to accept responsibility
32
Q

Psychopathy- biological and genetic influences

A

Various brain abnormalities

-prefrontal cortex (impulse control, future, considering morals, inhibition)

33
Q

Psychopaths- prevalence

A

At higher risk of committing crimes
Child molesters (10-15%)
Rapists (40-50%)
Serial murderers (~90%)

Psycho. reoffend and violate parole sooner and commit more institutional violence
Psycho. adolescents more likely to reoffend, escape custody, violate probation

34
Q

Difficulties with treatment

A

Rarely seek treatment (unless court mandated)
May fake compliance (clinicians should stay wary)
Will only change behavior IF realize actions wrong (May be effective to make them feel worse as therapy)
-> not really successful (usually personality disorder)

35
Q

Characteristics of serial killers

A 
White
Avg intell.
Injury that impairs rational thinking
Experienced childhood abuse
History of cruelty to animals
Use alcohol or drugs before killing
Victims selected of particular type
Obsessive interest in violent porn
Highly sexualized behavior in killing
36
Q

Organized taxonomy

A

Crime scene

  • planned
  • controlled
  • premeditated

Inferred characteristics

  • avg Intell
  • interpersonally comp
  • prefers skilled work
  • sexually competent
  • controlled mood during
  • stress prior to
  • follows media accounts
  • high geographic mobility
37
Q

Disorganized taxonomy

A

Crime scene

  • spontaneous
  • random/sloppy

Inferred characteristic

  • bellow avg intell
  • unskilled work
  • sexually incomp
  • harsh childhood discipline
  • anxious mood during
  • minimal situational stress
  • minimal interest in media
  • lives/works near crime scene
38
Q

Characteristics of serial killers

A

Visionary types (e.g., psychotic)
-hallucinations, delusions
Mission-oriented types (Eric Rudolph)
-motivated by their regard for evil or unworthy
Hedonistic
-for the thrill and sadistic sexual pleasure in torturing
Power-oriented
-satisfaction from capturing and controlling victim before killing

39
Q

Racial profiling

A

Potential for harassment and wrongful accusation

Must have additional evidence to pull someone over (4th amend)

40
Q

Research: criminal profiling

A

Profilers slightly better than other groups at guessing physical attributes

Less accurate than others at inferring social habits, thought processes, and personal history

Overall accuracy of profilers: less than 50%

Lack of association between characteristics of crime and perpetrator

41
Q

Problems with profiling

A

Little research (usually describe what is and what should be done)
Crime scenes are a mix between organized and disorganized
Crime scene characteristics aren’t reliably associated with criminal personality types
Assumes personality is more powerful than situation
May rely too much on intuition
Profiles are vague or ambiguous

42
Q

Geographic profiling

A

Relies on multiple crime

Has direct implications

Limitations

  • rely on multiple crimes to be useful
  • only considers spatial info
  • May be multiple offenders who perform similar crimes
43
Q

Psychological autopsies

A

Dissect psychological state of person prior to death

NASH
Natural
Accident
Suicide
Homicide

Rely on sources left behind by the deceased (limitation: available evidence)

Checklist

  • whether death maybe self-inflicted
  • whether clear indications of an intention to die

92% accuracy to distinguish between accidental and suicidal deaths

More commonly admitted for civil rather than criminal

Psyc 175- Psyc and Law (17 decks)

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