Week 3 Flashcards
Post-event info
Before lineup, can influence the task
Can come from many sources (media, mugshot books, etc.)
We remember gist of what happened, but not source
Exposure to misleading info -> decrease accuracy (can lead to false IDs)
Exposure to accurate -> increases accuracy
Confidence
Is malleable
Tends to increase from ID to trial
Recommendations:
- video ID
- confidence rating
Showups
ONLY method that shows no trade offs between correct and false IDs
One person shown to witness (no foils)
Usually live, short time after crime (best within first hour, after line up best)
Suggestive
Recommendations: decrease in correct and false (trade-offs)
More similar foils
Sequential line ups
Unbiased lineup instructions
Blind lineup administrator
Own race bias (cross-cultural ID)
Much better at ID of own race (higher correct, lower false)
Sign less accurate for member of another race
Occurs as early as toddler
Explanations:
Physiognomic variability (May not be sensitive to diff in others)
In/out groups (out group, attention to categorization, less to facial features)
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Peak performance at medium levels of arousal
Morgan et al. (Military study)
High stress -> long term memory deficit
Tunnel-vision
Focusing large portion of attention on the weapon
More stress -> less accuracy
Miranda rights
Right to remain silent
If you give up that right, anything you say can and will be used against you in the court of law
You have the right to an attorney and to have an attorney present during questioning
If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to you at no cost
During any questioning, you may decide at any time to exercise these rights, not to answer any questions, or make any statements
Ekman and O’Sullivan
Only secret service sign better at catching lies than chance (used verbal and nonverbal cues)
Truthful subjects…
Give more detailed descriptions of their actions (includes sensory info)
Provide more coherent accounts of their behavior
We’re more likely to admit that they could not remember certain aspects of the event in question
When individuals are highly motivated to be believed by other
They tend to appear (but not sound) less honest
Occurs when telling truth and lying
Are police more accurate at catching lies than college students?
No, but they catch more liars because they ACCUSE more of lying (investigator bias effect)
Does training for lie detection improve accuracy?
No, but it improves confidence
Psychological stress evaluator (PSE)
Higher pitch under stressful conditions
Stress could be due to nature (traumatic or emotional) of condition as opposed to guilt/lying
Polygraph
Detects negative emotional states (not always lying)
65% accuracy, used as confession device
Techniques:
1. Relevant/irrelevant procedure
Intermix questions relevant and irrelevant (baseline) to crime
Innocence- answer all questions with equal emotional levels
Problem- guilt vs anxiety
2. Control question test
Similar to 1, but adds a “known lie” question
Assumes all suspects have committed, and will lie about it (guilty- to maintain innocence, innocent- to not look guilty)
Will raise response, but not to same point
For innocent, will then be able to determine truth to lie
3. Guilty knowledge test (most accurate)
Guilty will have reaction to correct response
Innocent should have all similar
“Correct” response to multiple questions indicative of guilt
Perp must remember details of crime
Details must not be publicly known
Beat by:
1. Elevate arousal during control questions
2. Suppress arousal during relevant questions
Frye Standard
Must be generally accepted in field to be accepted in court
