Week 3

Question 0

Post-event info

Answer 0

Before lineup, can influence the task
Can come from many sources (media, mugshot books, etc.)
We remember gist of what happened, but not source

Exposure to misleading info -> decrease accuracy (can lead to false IDs)
Exposure to accurate -> increases accuracy

Question 1

Confidence

Answer 1

Is malleable
Tends to increase from ID to trial

Recommendations:

• video ID
• confidence rating

Question 2

Showups

Answer 2

ONLY method that shows no trade offs between correct and false IDs
One person shown to witness (no foils)
Usually live, short time after crime (best within first hour, after line up best)
Suggestive

Question 3

Recommendations: decrease in correct and false (trade-offs)

Answer 3

More similar foils
Sequential line ups
Unbiased lineup instructions
Blind lineup administrator

Question 4

Own race bias (cross-cultural ID)

Answer 4

Much better at ID of own race (higher correct, lower false)
Sign less accurate for member of another race
Occurs as early as toddler
Explanations:
Physiognomic variability (May not be sensitive to diff in others)
In/out groups (out group, attention to categorization, less to facial features)

Question 5

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 5

Peak performance at medium levels of arousal

Question 6

Morgan et al. (Military study)

Answer 6

High stress -> long term memory deficit

Question 7

Tunnel-vision

Answer 7

Focusing large portion of attention on the weapon

More stress -> less accuracy

Question 8

Miranda rights

Answer 8

Right to remain silent
If you give up that right, anything you say can and will be used against you in the court of law
You have the right to an attorney and to have an attorney present during questioning
If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to you at no cost
During any questioning, you may decide at any time to exercise these rights, not to answer any questions, or make any statements

Question 9

Ekman and O’Sullivan

Answer 9

Only secret service sign better at catching lies than chance (used verbal and nonverbal cues)

Question 10

Truthful subjects…

Answer 10

Give more detailed descriptions of their actions (includes sensory info)
Provide more coherent accounts of their behavior
We’re more likely to admit that they could not remember certain aspects of the event in question

Question 11

When individuals are highly motivated to be believed by other

Answer 11

They tend to appear (but not sound) less honest

Occurs when telling truth and lying

Question 12

Are police more accurate at catching lies than college students?

Answer 12

No, but they catch more liars because they ACCUSE more of lying (investigator bias effect)

Question 13

Does training for lie detection improve accuracy?

Answer 13

No, but it improves confidence

Question 14

Psychological stress evaluator (PSE)

Answer 14

Higher pitch under stressful conditions

Stress could be due to nature (traumatic or emotional) of condition as opposed to guilt/lying

Question 15

Polygraph

Answer 15

Detects negative emotional states (not always lying)
65% accuracy, used as confession device
Techniques:
1. Relevant/irrelevant procedure
Intermix questions relevant and irrelevant (baseline) to crime
Innocence- answer all questions with equal emotional levels
Problem- guilt vs anxiety
2. Control question test
Similar to 1, but adds a “known lie” question
Assumes all suspects have committed, and will lie about it (guilty- to maintain innocence, innocent- to not look guilty)
Will raise response, but not to same point
For innocent, will then be able to determine truth to lie
3. Guilty knowledge test (most accurate)
Guilty will have reaction to correct response
Innocent should have all similar
“Correct” response to multiple questions indicative of guilt
Perp must remember details of crime
Details must not be publicly known
Beat by:
1. Elevate arousal during control questions
2. Suppress arousal during relevant questions

Question 17

Frye Standard

Answer 17

Must be generally accepted in field to be accepted in court