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Psyc 175- Psyc and Law > Final- Quizes > Flashcards

Final- Quizes Flashcards

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1
Q

A psychologist who evaluates whether a witness accurately IDs the guilty person in a lineup is concerned with

A

Objective justice

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2
Q

According to Loftus and Monahan (1980), a key role of the expert witness is to assist the triers of fact (i.e., judges, juries) by making a determination as to whether the defendant is guilty or innocent (T or F)

A

False

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3
Q

Psychologists can influence the courts by being

A

Disseminators of research
Trial and jury consultants
Program evaluators

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4
Q

The burden of proof is higher for _____ cases

A

Criminal as opposed to civil

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5
Q

According to the National Crome Victimization Survey (Hart & Rennison, 2003), approximately how many violent crimes are reported to the police each year?

A

45%

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6
Q

According the Tom Tyler, the decision to report crime to the police is based in large part on…

A

People’s perceived legitimacy of the police
People’s past experience with the police (individually or vicariously)
Procedural justice factors

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7
Q

You are pulled over by the cops for running a stoplight. According to Tom Tyler’s decision theory, what would not factor into how you evaluate your interaction with the police?

A

If there was a positive outcome- that you didn’t actually get a ticket for running the stop sign

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8
Q

According to Greenberg and Beach (2004), victims of crime consider three kinds of factors when decision whether to report their victimization to the police; what are they?

A

Cognitive factors (cost-benefit analysis)
Emotional factors
Social factors

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9
Q

Witnesses are less likely to report crimes to police if

A

There are other people around who also witnessed the crime (bystander effect)
If the crime was committed by someone known to the witness (e.g., a friend) as opposed to a stranger
If they subscribe to a community norm against snitching

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10
Q

Research suggests that the criminal justice system depends on the active and willing participation of witnesses (T or F)

A

True

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11
Q

There have been 312 post-conviction DNA exonerations in US history, what factor was present in 75% of these wrongful convictions?

A

Mistake eyewitness identification

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12
Q

How many suspects are there in a properly constructed line up?

A

One

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13
Q

Target present and target absent lineups mainly differ how?

A

Only the TP lineup contains the perp

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14
Q

The ground-truth problem is not an issue for

A

laboratory studies

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15
Q

What ID runs the risk of sending an innocent person to prison?

A

False

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16
Q

Wells (1978) suggests that _____ variables are more fruitful to study

A

System

Includes police procedures

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17
Q

Simultaneous lineups are thought to use _____ judgments

A

Relative

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18
Q

Sequential lineups are thought to use ______ judgements

A

Absolute

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19
Q

Using similar could to the suspect result in a lowering of the false ID rate without any cost to the correct ID rate (T or F)

A

False

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20
Q

Where to find false ID rate on chart

A

chose suspect in TA lineup

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21
Q

TA line up, 65% of witnesses who chose someone, picked the innocent suspect. Conclusion?

A

Line up is biased

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22
Q

Relationship between confidence and eyewitness identification accuracy

A

Confidence is very malleable

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23
Q

Eyewitness ID reform that does not result in a trade off

A

Using lineups over showups

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24
Q

What is a show up?

A

When one person (suspect) is shown to a witness

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25
Q

Witnesses are less accurate when IDing suspects from a different race than their own. T or F?

A

True

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26
Q

In general, humans are very accurate at being able to distinguish between lies and truthful statements. T or F?

A

False.

Only group above chance is secret service agents

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27
Q

Which polygraph procedure tends to yield the most accurate responses?

A

Guilty-knowledge test

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28
Q

Miranda statement

A

Right to attorney
Right to remain silent
If waive right, anything said can and will be used against you in a court of law

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29
Q

The California Supreme Court ruled that Catarino Gonzalez unequivocally and unambiguously invoked his Miranda Rights.
T or F?

A

FALSE

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30
Q

What is the difference between an interview and an interrogation?

A

The goal of an interrogation is to obtain a confession.

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31
Q

The police are legally allowed to lie to suspects during the course of an interrogation.
T or F?

A

TRUE

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32
Q

Most clear example of a coerced-compliant false confession?

A

The Central Park Jogger suspects

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33
Q

In class, we discussed a mock-crime study that was conducted by Kassin and Norwick (2004). Who waived their Miranda Rights more often in this study – innocent or guilty participants?

A

Innocent suspects

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34
Q

The police use the same interrogation techniques with minors as they do with
adults.
T or F?

A

TRUE

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35
Q

Rephrasing legalistic questioning into more simplistic phrasing benefits

A

Everyone!

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36
Q

Which types of questions tends to yield the most accurate results and is recommended to be used at the start of forensic interviews?

A

free recall/open-ended

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37
Q

What factors increases children’s susceptibility to suggestion?

A

being younger in age
reinforcing children’s responses
use of anatomical dolls

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38
Q

What procedure reduces children’s stress while testifying, but doesn’t have any negative impact on conviction rates?

A

using closed circuit TV

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39
Q

Repressed memories are theorized to be different from natural forgetting.
T or F?

A

TRUE

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40
Q

What is a recovered memory?

A

A memory that was once repressed that has become consciously accessible

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41
Q

Eileen Franklin’s testimony led to the conviction of her father for the murder of Susan Nason. Eileen Franklin’s testimony is remarkable because:

A

She claimed to have repressed the memory for over 20 years before recovering it

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42
Q

The statute of limitations may be postponed if the plaintiff can successfully argue that the ____ applies.

A

doctrine of delayed discovery

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43
Q

In order for a claim based on repressed and recovered memory to be true,

A

traumatic memories must be (at least sometimes) repressed
AND
repressed memories must (at least sometimes) be recovered accurately.

44
Q

The case of Ramona v. Isabella was a landmark case because it was the

A

first case in which a third party sued a therapist and won.

45
Q

The French psychiatrist Janet described the case of Madame D. Madame D.’s memory is often presented as evidence

A

that our behavior can be affected by events for which we have no conscious memory.

46
Q

In a longitudinal study of memory of childhood sexual abuse, Williams (1994) interviewed 129 women and found that

A

in 38% of all cases, the women did not remember having been abused as children.

47
Q

Evidence that people who experience trauma sometimes develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is used as an argument _________ the theory of repression.

A

against

48
Q

Eileen Franklin claimed that she remembered the murder of Susan Nason after looking at her daughter. The idea that she needed this event to recall her “memory” is most clearly an example of _______.

A

cue-dependent retrieval

49
Q

Repressed memories are theorized to be different from natural forgetting.
T or F?

A

TRUE

50
Q

What is a recovered memory?

A

A memory that was once repressed that has become consciously accessible

51
Q

Eileen Franklin’s testimony led to the conviction of her father for the murder of Susan Nason. Eileen Franklin’s testimony is remarkable because:

A

She claimed to have repressed the memory for over 20 years before recovering it

52
Q

The statute of limitations may be postponed if the plaintiff can successfully argue that the ____ applies.

A

doctrine of delayed discovery

53
Q

In order for a claim based on repressed and recovered memory to be true

A

traumatic memories must be (at least sometimes) repressed
AND
repressed memories must (at least sometimes) be recovered accurately.

54
Q

The case of Ramona v. Isabella was a landmark case because it was the

A

first case in which a third party sued a therapist and won.

55
Q

The French psychiatrist Janet described the case of Madame D. Madame D.’s memory is often presented as evidence

A

that our behavior can be affected by events for which we have no conscious memory.

56
Q

In a longitudinal study of memory of childhood sexual abuse, Williams (1994) interviewed 129 women and found that

A

in 38% of all cases, the women did not remember having been abused as children.

57
Q

Evidence that people who experience trauma sometimes develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is used as an argument _________ the theory of repression.

A

against

58
Q

Eileen Franklin claimed that she remembered the murder of Susan Nason after looking at her daughter. The idea that she needed this event to recall her “memory” is most clearly an example of _______.

A

cue-dependent retrieval

59
Q

Can people create memories for events that never occurred?

A

Yes

60
Q

What techniques that are sometimes used by professional therapists that have been shown to increase the risk of producing false memories?

A

Hypnosis
Guided imagery
Dream analysis

61
Q

Sally remembered a recent dream in which her father ordered a bear to chase after her. Sally’s therapist suggested that the dream might be an indication that her father sexually molested her as a child. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the _______ of Sally’s dream.

A

Latent content

62
Q

Are memories of events that were experienced in infancy likely to be accurately remembered in adulthood?

A

No

63
Q

What is the American Psychological Association’s (APA’s) stance on repressed and recovered memories?

A

It is difficult to distinguish recovered memories from false memories.

64
Q

A therapist who was molested by her father may be a little too pushy in suggesting to her clients that they were sexually abused as children. This would be an example of

A

Countertransference

65
Q

Therapist Dr. Smith is very attracted to his client and wants to date her now. According to the APA Ethical Guidelines, is this ok?

A

No

66
Q

There was an ethical dilemma for an expert witness in the People v. Brewster case. What piece of information did this ethical dilemma center around?

A

The defense had a piece of clothing with testable DNA that they sent off to get tested.

67
Q

Your friend is coming into lab tomorrow to participate in a psychology experiment. According to the APA Ethical Guidelines, there are a number of things that I need to tell your friend before we start the experiment. I need to tell all her/him all of the following except

A

The source of funding for the experiment

68
Q

During an interview with Dr. Corwin at age 17, Jane Doe recalled some information about her childhood that she did not previously report during her interviews at age 6. What was this recollection about?

A

Her mother took pornographic pictures of her and her brother

69
Q

Let’s say that I’m a therapist who wants to get a consult with another respected therapist about a difficult case. What am I allowed to discuss, according to the APA Ethical Guidelines?

A

Anything related to the treatment of the client that does not include any identifying information.

70
Q

The APA Ethical Guidelines allow a psychologist/therapist to disclose confidential information under what certain circumstances?

A

The disclosure is deemed necessary in order to protect a third party from harm.
The disclosure is deemed necessary in order to receive payment for services.
The disclosure is mandated by law.

71
Q

A therapist issues a 5150 hold. This type of emergency civil commitment can last

A

Up to 3 days (72 hours)

72
Q

Based on the Tarasoff ruling, a therapist must issue a Tarasoff warning if their client:

A

Makes a specific threat to an identifiable person

73
Q

Let’s say that a therapist issues a Tarasoff Warning during the course of therapy. According to the judgment made in the People v. Bierenbaum case, does this mean that the therapist’s records are open for the lawyers to use in a criminal trial given that the client-therapist privilege of confidentiality has already been broken?

A

No

74
Q

Monahan (1993) discussed a number of things that psychologists can do in order to limit their exposure to Tarasoff-related liability, including:

A

Check the patient’s prior record of violent behavior
Directly ask the patient about desires to commit violent behaviors
Get second opinions from respected colleagues before making risk management decisions

75
Q

Determining whether someone is Competent to Stand Trial (CST) and Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) are evaluated using the same criteria. Are both evaluated by examining the defendant’s psychological state at the time the crime was committed?

A

No

76
Q

In some states can an Incompetent to Stand Trial (IST) defendant be compelled to take medication in order to become Competent to Stand Trial (CST)?

A

Yes

77
Q

The “Durham Rule” for determining NGRI in criminal cases

A

states that a person is not criminally responsible for an act that was the product of a mental disease
or defect

78
Q

What was part of the Insanity Defense Reform Act?

A

It prevented experts from giving an opinion on the ultimate issue of guilt.
It placed the burden of proving insanity on the defense by clear and compelling evidence.
It removed the volitional component of the Brawner Rule.

79
Q

Under which circumstances would dangerousness and future risk be potentially assessed?

A

In order to protect a third party from harm
When deciding whether a defendant should receive a death sentence
To deny bail or parole

80
Q

After examining the prevalence of violence among the disordered and disorder among the violent, did Monahan (1992) concluded that there is no link between mental illness and violence?

A

No

81
Q

Does structured risk assessments mainly rely on clinical judgments and intuition in the
selection of risk factors?

A

No

82
Q

Is it true that Tolman and Mullendore (2003) found that clinicians were more likely to use unstructured risk assessments tools (e.g., Rorschach inkblot test) while forensic psychologists were more likely to use structured risk assessment tools (e.g., HCR-20, VRAG)?

A

Yes

83
Q

Sexual offenses are typically committed by

A

someone previously known to the victim.

84
Q

Does research clearly show that therapeutic treatment with sexual offenders works to significantly reduce both general and sexual recidivism (i.e., the likelihood of reoffending)?

A

No

85
Q

Therapeutic treatment for psychopaths often involves

A

Intentionally trying to make the client feel bad and guilty about their actions.

86
Q

Do traditional forms of criminal profiling tend to rely on intuition and an individual profiler’s judgment?

A

Yes

87
Q

A serial killer who is motivated to murder those who they regard as evil or unworthy of living in society would be classified as a _________ type using Holmes and colleagues’ classification system.

A

mission-oriented

88
Q

The NASH system is used by medical examiners in an effort to create a psychological autopsy of an individual’s state of mind prior to death. What are they?

A

Natural
Accidental
Suicide
Homicide

89
Q

The process of interviewing prospective jury members is referred to as _________ while the process of forming a pool of prospective jurors from an eligible population is referred to as ________.

A

voir dire; venire

90
Q

More diverse juries

A

deliberate longer
are more likely to discuss the evidence presented at trial
make fewer inaccurate statements about the facts surrounding the case

91
Q

Are individuals who score high on authoritarianism tend to be more or less likely to convict
defendants who are authorities (e.g., police officers)?

A

Less

92
Q

In the People of California v. O.J. Simpson trial,

A

the defense followed their trial consultant’s advice while the prosecution did not follow their
consultant’s advice.

93
Q

An attorney who excludes a potential jury member and does not need to provide a reason for the dismissal. What type of challenge have they used?

A

peremptory challenge

94
Q

Let’s say that a prospective juror who is Caucasian gets dismissed from the jury. Based on the study by Rose (1999), which side was more likely to have dismissed this potential jury member?

A

The defense

95
Q

Which group tends to get more peremptory challenges?

A

The defense

96
Q

Results from a mock-jury study by Kerr, et al (1995) showed a black-sheep effect

A

when the evidence against the defendant was strong.

97
Q

Trial lawyers may apply their own implicit personality theories (based on race, sex, appearance, and occupation) to select and dismiss prospective jurors for the jury. Do these implicit personality theories (that are based on the lawyer’s own attitudes and experience) reliably predict jury verdicts?

A

No

98
Q

In the cases Batson v. Kentucky and J.E.B. v. Alabama, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that _______.

A

exclusions can NOT be made based on race or gender.

99
Q

Andrew is the foreman of a jury for a capital murder case. When deliberations start, he asks everyone to vote on whether or not they think the defendant is guilty. He begins by stating, “I vote guilty, because there were two eyewitnesses who identified him and he looks like someone who would commit murder.” This type of deliberation is:

A

Verdict-driven

100
Q

When it comes to juries, does size matter (12 vs. 6 jurors) in terms of how long juries deliberate, discuss evidence, and how representative they are?

A

YES

101
Q

Asch proposed that ________influence results from a person’s desire for acceptance (“we want to be liked”), while ______ influence takes place when people accept evidence provided by others because they want to be right.

A

normative; informational

102
Q

What is the basic premise of the story model of jury decision making?

A

Jurors assimilate evidence into a coherent narrative. They compare the narrative to the possible verdicts and
the arguments made by the prosecution and defense. Last, they vote based on which side’s account “makes more sense.”

103
Q

According to research, which punishment is more expensive?

A

Death sentence as opposed to life imprisonment

104
Q

The most recent research on deterrence discussed in class (Nagin & Pepper, 2012) suggests that

A

The current results are inconclusive about whether the death penalty is a deterrent to crime.

105
Q

Are African American defendants who are convicted of killing Caucasian victims more likely to receive a death sentence and be executed than Caucasian defendants who are convicted of killing African American victims?

A

YES

Psyc 175- Psyc and Law (17 decks)

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