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KNPE 335 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

health inequity

A

unjust or unfair differences in health between persons, often rooted in social, economic, environment, or systemic conditions that disadvantage certain groups

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2
Q

health inequality

A

observable or measurable health differences in health status or outcomes among different population groups

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3
Q

diversity with aging

A

as people age, experiences of health, support, and well-being cary widely based on social determinants of health, which can lead to health inequalities

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4
Q

health inequality in aging

A

measurable differences in health outcomes among older adults in various groups, such as varying levels of mobility, cognitive health, or life expectancy

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5
Q

health inequity in aging

A

often stem from lifelong disadvantages, such as poverty, racism, or limited access to healthcare, which effect older adults later in life

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6
Q

health outcomes

A

linked to physical and mental inequities

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7
Q

socio-economic factors

A
  • education, income, housing
  • strongly linked to health outcomes
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8
Q

health inequities and poverty

A

influence of poverty and disadvantage on health inequities is consistent over time

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9
Q

what does substantial evidence-based research show?

A
  1. older adults living in disadvantaged areas have less access to health care
  2. disadvantaged groups have higher mortality and lower changes of survival
  3. inequities and inequalities related to survival from various health conditions are closely linked to age, sex and ethnicity
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10
Q

risk factors related to health inequality and inequity

A
  1. poverty/lack of resources
  2. age and gender
  3. ethnicity
  4. sexual and gender identity
  5. geography
  6. health and disabilities
  7. life transitions
  8. knowledge and awareness
  9. social relationships
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11
Q

what is the opposite of a risk factor?

A

a protective factor

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12
Q

example of a protective factor

A

having access to affordable housing can protect against the risk of social isolation

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13
Q

indigenous people living in canada

A
  1. were in good health prior to colonization
  2. included nutritious diets, rich and diverse healing systems and active lifestyles
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14
Q

indigenous disparities

A

are largely due to colonial history

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15
Q

impact of colonialism on indigenous people

A
  1. have poorer health outcomes
  2. suffer from more chronic illness and disabilities, including heart disease and diabetes
  3. embedded racism and loss of support system had been a direct cause of poor health outcomes
  4. decades of systemic discrimination in the form of the residential school system
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16
Q

example of poor health outcomes for indigenous people after colonialism?

A

type-II diabetes continues to be 2-3 times more common amongst indigenous people

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17
Q

what did loss of cultural identity cause for indigenous people?

A

loss of health

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18
Q

what ethno-racial groups have higher risk of developing dementia?

A
  1. black
  2. hispanic/latino
  3. native hawaiian/pacific islander
    - these differences persist despite similar rates of cognitive decline across groups
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19
Q

what are risk and expression of dementia influences by?

A
  1. social determinants
  2. discrimination
  3. access to care
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20
Q

where are there disparities in dementia care?

A

access, diagnosis and outcomes in dementia care

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21
Q

influential factors of dementia

A
  1. socioeconomic status
  2. cultural diversity
  3. geographical location
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22
Q

how are the 12 risk factors for dementia influenced by health inequities?

A

individuals from marginalized or lower income groups groups face barriers for managing these risks
ex. those with low education have limited access to quality education which reduces cognitive reserve and influences dementia due to health inequities

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23
Q

those with more health inequities…

A

are less likely to prevent or manage these factors that reduce risk for dementia

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24
Q

canadas public health insurance

A

covers hospital and physician visits but generally does not cover prescription medications

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25
Q

prescription drug access

A

no comprehensive national policy exists for drug coverage or pricing, resulting in inconsistent access to mediations across the country

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26
Q

what does inconsistent access to medications lead to?

A

health inequities and social injustice amongst some canadians, disproportionately affecting those without private or provincial coverage options

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27
Q

people with private insurance or provincial drug benefit plans

A

may have better access to medication coverage
ex. older adults, people with disabilities

28
Q

vulnerable canadians an drug prescription

A

struggle to afford medications, leading to poor adherence and health outcomes
ex. older adults, indigenous people, immigrants

29
Q

oral health inequities

A

affect older adults in canada with coverage often based on income and private benefits and typically not included in provincial plans

30
Q

why do many older adults avoid dental care?

A

due to lack of coverage

31
Q

what does poor oral health cause?

A
  1. issues like lost or broken teeth negatively affect nutritional status = additional health complications
  2. stigma around poor oral appearance can affect mental health, potentially leading to social isolation
32
Q

percentage of seniors that provided care to family members or friends with a long-term condition

A

almost 1/4 of seniors aged 65 and older (bout 1.5 million people)

33
Q

what do older adults who are caregivers experience?

A
  1. increased burden
  2. depression, stress
  3. financial problems
  4. poor health
  5. loneliness
  6. social isolation
34
Q

spousal caregivers

A

at greater risk of experiencing loneliness and decreased social support

35
Q

what type of caregivers experience more health inequities?

A

female caregivers

36
Q

caregiver interventions

A
  1. physical and financial support through informal assistance
  2. respite services
  3. home care or related services
  4. income and tax relief programs
  5. education and skills training
  6. psychological support
  7. interactive online activities and groups
37
Q

immigrant older adults in canada

A

experience considerable diversity
- typically these individuals are significantly lonelier than canadian-born older adults

38
Q

immigrants and successful aging

A

immigrant older adults had a lower prevalence of successful aging than their Canadian-born peers

39
Q

healthy immigrant effect

A

immigrants were generally healthier than domestic-born Canadians when they first arrive to Canada
- “only people who are healthy decide to migrate”

40
Q

challenges for immigrant older adults in Canada

A
  1. may experience psychological distress due to difficulty adjusting, economic hardships, lack of social support, discrimination
  2. more reluctant to seek professional health
  3. face barriers to accessing services
  4. face stereotypes and agism
    ***creates health inequities across this population
41
Q

inclusive healthy aging interventions for immigrant older adults in Canada

A
  1. additional data collection and research on immigrant older adults in Canada
  2. culturally and linguistically appropriate programs and services (language programs, referral services, etc.)
  3. more age friendly areas/communities that are tailored for older adult immigrants
42
Q

older adults in rural/remote areas

A

~ 23% of all seniors in Canada live in rural areas

43
Q

challenges for older adults living in rural/remote areas

A
  1. increase risk of social isolation
  2. smaller support networks
  3. greater loneliness
  4. lower utilization rates of health and social services
44
Q

rural populations

A

considered a healthy disparity group in part because these populations have higher rates of mental health concerns, chronic diseases and worse general health

45
Q

risk for rural older adults

A

increased risk of…
1. morbidity
2. obesity
3. diabetes
4. coronary heart disease
5. cancer
6. COVID-19
7. excess mortality

46
Q

strategies for improving healthy aging in rural/remote areas

A
  1. reducing
  2. joining
  3. developing
  4. improving
  5. developing
  6. stimulating
47
Q

reducing strategy for improving healthy aging in rural/remote areas

A

reduce health inequalities by providing older people with better access to health and social care services in rural/remote areas

48
Q

joining strategy for improving healthy aging in rural/remote areas

A

joining up transport, housing, health and social care services to improve cost-effective service provision and access to services
ex. community services with all these things in one area

49
Q

developing strategy for improving healthy aging in rural/remote areas

A

developing cost-effective transport solutions to afford accessibility to services and better social integration

50
Q

improving strategy for improving healthy aging in rural/remote areas

A

improving housing and local environment conditions to allow older adults to “age in place”

51
Q

developing (2) strategy for improving healthy aging in rural/remote areas

A

developing volunteering and community-based initiatives to improve social integrations of older adults in rural/remote areas

52
Q

stimulating strategy for improving healthy aging in rural/remote areas

A

stimulating bottom-up social enterprises and collab ventures to improve the economic diversity and attractiveness of rural areas to encourage further economic development
- so more people want to live there and create a better environment

53
Q

low-income older adults

A

older adults in canada remain one of the most financially vulnerable canadian populations, especially those who live alone
- rate of older canadians considered as “low-income” is increasing

54
Q

what older adults specifically are at risk?

A
  1. less education
  2. intermittent work histories and low wages
  3. older immigrants
  4. indigenous older adults
  5. those with chronic health conditions
  6. those with disabilities
55
Q

what are low-income older adults experiencing?

A
  1. increased risk of loneliness
  2. increased risk of social isolation
  3. poor health outcomes
  4. lower quality of life
  5. premature mortality
56
Q

high-income vs. low-income

A

high-income individuals experience considerably more years of good health than those with lower incomes

57
Q

programs and services to help low-income older adults

A
  1. income assistance
  2. provincial and territorial programs
  3. residential rehabilitation assistance program (RRAP)
  4. advanced life deferred annuities (ALDAs)
  5. variable life payment annuities (VPLAs)
58
Q

income assistance

A

low-income seniors who dont quality for the full amount of Canada’s public pension programs may be eligible for income, disability or hardship assistance

59
Q

provincial and territorial programs

A

many provinces and territories offer programs to provide extra support to people receiving the GIS or allowance
- include tax deferment, prescription drug subsidies, and rental subsidies

60
Q

residential rehabilitation assistance program (RRAP)

A

offers financial assistance to create affordable housing for low-income seniors and adults with disabilities

61
Q

advanced life deferred annuities (ALDAs)

A

allow individuals to put up to 25% of qualified registered funds into an annuity, which can start paying an income at age 85

62
Q

variable life payment annuities (VPLAs)

A

provide payments based on pooled investment risk to help ensure that retirees have income at older ages

63
Q

what can healthcare professionals do?

A

increase cultural competence
increase:
1. awareness
2. knowledge
3. skills

64
Q

aspects needed to create culturally sensitive healthcare

A
  1. cultural competence
  2. identify under-served needs
  3. cultural targeted (not one size fits all - specific to culture)
  4. patient centered care/health literacy
65
Q

health inequity vs. health inequality

A

inequity: unfair, preventable differences impacting diverse groups
inequality: measurable differences

66
Q

cultural competence in the heathcare

A

culturally sensitive care is essential to address diverse needs and promote healthy aging among all older adults

KNPE 335 (9 decks)

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