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KNPE 335 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

set of all mental abilities and processes related to knowledge, attention, memory, judgement, etc.

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2
Q

cognitive health

A

a brain that can perform all the mental processes that are collectively known as cognition (learning new things, intuition, judgement, language and remembering)

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3
Q

cognitive non-linear changes occurring during aging

A
  1. memory
  2. attention
  3. language
  4. intelligence
  5. brain changes
  6. “everyday functioning in familiar environments”
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4
Q

brain reserve

A

passive form of capacity that is thought to depend on the structural properties of the brain (size, number of neutrons)

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5
Q

less brain reserve

A

lower threshold for the expression of functional impairments
- express symptoms faster and more severely

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6
Q

cognitive reserve

A

an active mechanism for coping with brain pathology (brain’s software)
- the brains ability to cope with damage or changes, cognitive processes such as aging by using pre-existing processes more efficiently

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7
Q

what does cognitive reserve do

A

helps maintain cognitive function despite Brian pathology

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8
Q

what reduces level of brain reserve

A

various factors such as alzheimers or dementia

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9
Q

two key characteristics of cognitive reserve

A

1.the robustness of a particular cognitive function against brain pathology
2. the ability to use alternative functions when a default function is not working
ex. after a stroke you use a diff neural pathway to recover

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10
Q

high brain reserve

A
  • progression is lower and less severe
  • usually people with a higher IQ
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11
Q

aging trends ands cognitive abilities

A
  1. speed (ability to process) and memory decline the most with age
  2. vocabulary declines the least with age
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12
Q

aging and long-term memory

A
  • less activity of the hippocampus (can shrink)
  • insufficient storage of information
  • more overlap in cells representing different memories causing more interference
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13
Q

neuroplasticity

A

engaging in mentally stimulating activities can help maintain long-term memory function

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14
Q

types of long-term memory

A
  1. episodic
  2. somantic
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15
Q

episodic memory

A

personal experiences
- declines with age

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16
Q

somantic memory

A

facts and knowledge
- remains stable longer

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17
Q

diseases and conditions affecting long-term memory

A
  1. huntington’s disease
  2. alzheimers (affects hippocampus)
  3. sleep deprivation
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18
Q

fluid intelligence

A

tasks that involve quick thinking, information manipulation, activities involving allocation and reallocation of attention
ex. tests of memory, spatial relations, abstract and inductive reasoning, free recall, mental calculations

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19
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

tasks that tap well-learned skills, language and retrieval of well-learned material
ex. verbal meaning, word association, social judgement, number skills

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20
Q

aging and intelligence

A

fluid: develops quickly then decreases with aging
crystallized: develops slowly then increases or stays the same with aging

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21
Q

factors affecting cognitive needs

A
  1. medications
  2. sensory changes
    3, health related changes
  3. changes in mood
  4. sleep
  5. educational period and income
  6. gender (females decline faster)
  7. social factors
  8. history of disease
  9. lifestyle choices (drinking/smoking)
22
Q

dementia

A

a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities severely enough to interfere with your daily life
- results in cognitive and psychological changes

23
Q

causes of dementia

A

neurodegenerationdamage to or loss of nerve cells and their connections in brain

24
Q

dementia- umbrella term

A

alzheimer’s= 60-80%
lewy body dementia=5-10%
vascular dementia= 5-10%
frontotemporal dementia= 5-10%
others: Parkinson’s and Huntington’s
***there are several different diseases that cause dementia

25
Q

comorbidities and dementia

A
  • people w dementia often have an underlying disease
    -comorbidities progress in those with dementia
    ***double chance of comorbidities in a individual with dementia
26
Q

what is difficult with comorbidities and dementia

A

makes it difficult to treat and diagnose

27
Q

neurodegeneration

A

damage to or loss of nerve cells and their connections in brain
- dependent on types of neutrons and brain regions affected and type of dementia

28
Q

types of dementia

A
  1. progressive
  2. degenerative
  3. irreversible
29
Q

what is the trend with dementia

A

number of individuals with dementia is increasing substantially

30
Q

why is the prevalence of dementia increasing?

A
  1. people are living longer therefore increased risk of dementia
  2. more older adults
  3. better technology to diagnose dementia
31
Q

8 A’s of dementia

A
  1. anosognosia
  2. agnosia
  3. aphasia
  4. apraxia
  5. altered perception
  6. amnesia
  7. apathy
  8. attention defects
32
Q

anosognosia

A

ignorance of presence of disease
(occurs more in the beginning stages)

33
Q

agnosia

A

inability to recognize object using senses

34
Q

aphasia

A

loss of ability to speak or understand

35
Q

apraxia

A

inability to perform purposeful movements

36
Q

altered perception

A

misinterpretation of information from senses

37
Q

amnesia

A

memory loss
(occurs more in the beginning stages)

38
Q

apathy

A

lack of interest
(occurs more in the beginning stages)

39
Q

attention deficits

A

can’t sustain/shift attention; easily distracted

40
Q

risk factors for dementia that CANNOT be changed

A
  1. age
  2. sex
  3. genetics
41
Q

risk factors for dementia that CAN be changed or modified (early life)

A

less education = greater risk (early life- 45)

42
Q

risk factors for dementia that CAN be changed or modified (mid life)

A
  1. hypertension
  2. high alcohol intake
  3. obesity
  4. hearing loss
  5. TBI
43
Q

risk factors for dementia that CAN be changed or modified (later life)

A
  1. smoking
  2. depression
  3. social isolation
  4. physical inactivity
  5. air pollution
  6. diabetes
44
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

most common cause of a progressive dementia in older adults
- 60-80% of dementia cases

45
Q

cause of alzheimer’s disease

A

caused by an increasing buildup of proteins (plaques) and fibres (tangles) in the brain
- block nerve signals and kill brain cells (shrink brain= deterioration)

46
Q

early alzheimers disease symptoms

A
  1. memory loss
  2. difficulty coming up with words
  3. difficulty remembering names
  4. forgetting material just read
  5. changes in mood/personality
  6. misplacing things
  7. trouble planning and organizing things
47
Q

moderate Alzheimer’s disease symptoms

A
  1. forgetting events or personal history
  2. feeling moody especially in mental challenging situations
  3. unable to recall information about themselves
  4. confusion about where they are
  5. wandering and getting lost
  6. trouble controlling bladder and bowels
  7. changes in sleeping patterns
48
Q

severe alzheimer’s diseases symptoms

A
  1. require assistance and care (completely dependent)
  2. lose all awareness
  3. physical ability changes (walking, sitting and swallowing) - immobile
  4. can’t communicate
  5. vulnerable to infections (body shutting down)
49
Q

clinical diagnoses of dementia yes

A
  1. medical history
  2. physical exam
  3. neuro exam
  4. mental cognitive status exam
  5. mini mental state exam
  6. brain imagining
  7. protein analysis of CSF
  8. blood samples
50
Q

percentage of cases of dementia that can be preventable

A

40%

51
Q

12 changeable risk factors of dementia

A
  1. hearing loss (8%)
  2. less education (7%)
  3. smoking (5%)
  4. depression (4%)
  5. social isolation (4%)
  6. TBI (3%)
  7. hypertension (2%)
  8. physical inactivity (2%)
  9. air pollution (2%)
  10. alcohol (1%)
  11. obesity (1%)
  12. diabetes (1%)

KNPE 335 (9 decks)

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