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AN SCI 373 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients

A
  • Substance providing nourishment for growth and maintenance of life
  • Needed to meet continuous requirement for ATP needed for use in cellular respiration
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2
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

Required in diet because not synthesized by animals

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3
Q

6 Nutrients

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Water
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4
Q

Digestive system components

A

-Mouth
-Tongue
-Pharynx
- Esophagus
-Stomach
- Small intestine
-Large Intestine

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5
Q

Accessory Organs

A
  • Salivary Glands
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Gallbladder
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6
Q

4 Major Processes

A
  • Motility
  • Secretion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
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7
Q

Motility

A

Muscular contractions of gut (propulsive and mixing)

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8
Q

Secretion

A

Digestive juices from exocrine glands

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9
Q

Digestion

A

-Breakdown of structurally complex foodstuff into smaller absorbable units
- Accomplished by hydrolysis

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10
Q

Absorption

A

Occurs in small intestine (mostly) and large intestine

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11
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A
  • In oral cavity: polysaccharides into smaller polysaccharides via salivary amylase
  • In lumen of small intestine: Polysaccharides to disaccharides via Pancreatic amylases
  • In Epithelium of small intestine (brush border): Disaccharides to monosaccharides
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12
Q

Protein digestion

A
  • In stomach: Proteins to small polypeptides via pepsin
  • In lumen of small intestine: Polypeptides to smaller polypeptides via pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin
  • In lumen of small intestine: Smaller polypeptides into amino acids via pancreatic carboxypeptidase
  • In brush border: Small peptides to amino acids via dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase
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13
Q

Nucleic acid digestion

A
  • In lumen of small intestine: DNA and RNA to nucleotides via pancreatic nucleases
  • In Brush border: Nucleotides to nucleosides via nucleotidases
  • In brush border: Nucleosides to nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates via nucleosidases and phosphatases
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14
Q

Fat digestion

A
  • In lumen of small intestine: Fat globules into fat droplets via bile salts
  • In lumen of small intestine: fat droplets to glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides via pancreatic lipase
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15
Q

Oral cavity location and purpose

A
  • Most cranial portion of digestive tract
    -Reduces size of food (mastication and saliva)
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16
Q

Oral cavity componenets

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Pharynx
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17
Q

Teeth

A
  • Mechanical reduction
    -Increase food surface area
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18
Q

Tongue

A

-Muscle
- Fibers oriented in 3 directions

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19
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway for food and air

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20
Q

Types of teeth in Humans

A

-Premolars
-Molars
-Canine
-Incisors

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21
Q

Mastication

A
  • Grind/break up food
  • Mix food with saliva
  • Stimulate taste buds (prepares for arrival of food)
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22
Q

Saliva

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Moistens food
  • Salivary amylase
  • Lysozyme
  • Neutralization of food
  • Taste bud stimulation
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23
Q

Where does digestion start

A

Mouth

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24
Q

Nonruminants

A

One compartment

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25
Q

Ruminants

A

-Four compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum)

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26
Q

Abomasum

A

True stomach in ruminants

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27
Q

Esophagus

A

Connects pharynx to stomach

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28
Q

Stomach function

A
  • Storage function
  • Beginning of digestion for proteins
  • Chyme formation
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29
Q

Stomach anatomy

A
  • Gastroesophageal sphincter
  • Fundus
  • Body/Corpus
  • Antrum
  • Pyloric Sphincter
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30
Q

Gastroesophageal Sphincter

A

Prevents reflux and heartburn

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31
Q

Fundus

A

Storage of ingested food

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32
Q

Body/Corpus

A

Digesta mixed w/ gastric secretions

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33
Q

Antrum

A

Regulates release of food into small intestine, mixes

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34
Q

Pylorix Sphincter

A

Barrier between stomach and small intestine

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35
Q

Stomach storage

A

Emptied at a rate for optimal digestion and absorption into small intestine

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36
Q

Beginning of protein digestion

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion and enzymes for protein digestion

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37
Q

Chyme formation

A
  • Pulverized digesta mixed with gastric secretions
  • Mixing movements
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38
Q

What chemical is important for digestion in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid

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39
Q

Gastric motility of stomach

A
  • Gastric filling
  • Gastric storage
  • Gastric mixing
  • Gastric emptying
40
Q

Gastric filling

A
  • Can accommodate a 20 fold change in volume with little tension and little rise in pressure
  • Receptive relaxation: stomach folds get smaller and flatten out as stomach relaxes (triggered by act of eating)
41
Q

Gastric Storage

A

Body of stomach

42
Q

Gastric Mixing

A

-Antrum
- Peristaltic contractions
- Propels chyme to pass through pyloric sphincter

43
Q

Gastric Emptying

A
  • Controlled by antral peristaltic contractions
  • Dependent on strength of peristalsis and size of ingested material
44
Q

Gastric cell types

A
  • Mucous cells
  • Chief cells
  • Parietal cells
  • Surface epithelial cells
  • Enterochromaffin cells
  • G cells
  • D cells
45
Q

Mucous Cells

A

Secrete mucous

46
Q

Chief Cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen

47
Q

Parietal Cells

A

secrete HCl and gastric intrinsic factor

48
Q

Surface Epithelial Cells

A

Secrete alkaline mucus

49
Q

Enterochromaffin cells

A

secrete histamine (increases rate of HCl)

50
Q

G cells

A

secrete gastrin (also stimulates enteroochromaffin cells to release histamine; in response to Ach and protein products)

51
Q

D cells

A

secrete somatostatin (in response to acid; blocked parietal, G and EC cells)

52
Q

Gastric Acetylcholine

A

released by intrinsic nerve plexus (vagus stimulation)

53
Q

Gastric HCl

A
  • Activates pepsinogen to pepsin (pepsin begins protein digestion)
  • Aids in breakdown of connective tissue and muscles
  • Denatures proteins
  • Kills microorganisms
  • HCl does not do any digestion
54
Q

Pepsinogen Activation

A
  • Parietal cells secrete HCl
  • Chief cells secrete Pepsinogen
  • HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin in the gastric lumen
55
Q

Exocrine Pancreas

A
  • Pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells
  • Proteolytic enzymes
  • Pancreatic amylase
  • Pancreatic lipase
  • Aqueous alkaline solution from duct cells rich in sodium bicarbonate that quickly neutralizes acidic chyme entering SI
56
Q

Proteolytic enzymes function

A

Protein digestion

57
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

CHO digestion, secreted in active form

58
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Hydrolyzes TGs to MGs and FFAs

59
Q

Biliary System

A
  • Secretes bile
  • Liver and gallbladder
60
Q

Pancreatic Prolytic Enzymes

A
  • Proteolytic zymogens such as:
    -Trypsinogen
    -Chymotrypsin
    -Procarboxypeptidase
  • each attach different peptide linkages
61
Q

Activation cascade for pancreatic proteolytic enzymes

A
  • Trypsinogen to Trypsin via enterokinase
  • Chymotrypsinogen to Chymotrypsin via Trypsin
  • Procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase via trypsin
62
Q

What are the exocrine fluids the pancreas secretes

A

Pancreatic enzymes and alkaline solution

63
Q

Liver

A

-Largest and most important metabolic organ
- Secretion of bile salts
- Metabolic processing of nutrients
- Detoxification and degradation
- Synthesis of lipoproteins
- Storage of glycogen, fats, iron, copper, etc.
- Removal of bacteria and worn out red blood cells
- Excretion of cholesterol, biliverdin and bilirubin
-Synthesis of Vitamin C

64
Q

The Hepatic Portal System (liver blood supply)

A

The liver receives blood from:
- arterial blood (provides livers O2 supply and metabolites for hepatic processing) via hepatic artery
- Venous blood draining the digestive tract (provides newly absorbed nutrients) via hepatic portal vein
Blood leaves via hepatic vein

65
Q

Bile

A
  • Secreted continuously by liver
  • Stored and concentrated in gallbladder (stored when entry into duodenum is closed)
  • Enters duodenum after a meal which is guarded by the sphincter of oddi
66
Q

Bile components

A
  • Bile salts: conjugated to a taurine or glycine (reduce toxicity)
  • Derivative of Cholesterol
67
Q

Recycling bile salts

A

enterohepatic circulation

68
Q

Bile Salts function

A
  • Aid in fat digestion through detergent action
  • Facilitate fat absorption through formation of micelles
  • Emulsification
  • Micelle formation
69
Q

Emulsification

A
  • Converge large fat globules into lipid emulsion of many small droplets (primarily undigested triglycerides); helps pancreatic lipase and colipase
  • Increases the surface area to be able to allow lipase to attach for fat digestion
  • Acts like a detergent
70
Q

Micelle formation

A

Bile salts aggregate into small cluster to carry hydrophobic material through watery contents of lumen

71
Q

Small intestine

A
  • Food enters as chyme (after leaving the stomach)
  • Primary location of digestion and absorption
  • Large surface area and specialized transport mechanisms
72
Q

Small intestine components

A

Duodenum, jejunum, Ileum

73
Q

4 Layers of Small Intestine

A

-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Muscularis externa
- Serosa

74
Q

Mucosa layers

A
  • Mucous membrane (inner)
  • Lamina propria (middle)
  • Muscularis mucosa (outside)
75
Q

Mucous membrane

A
  • Inner layer of mucosa
  • Exocrine cells (digestive juices), endocrine cells (gastrointestinal hormones), epithelial cells (absorption of digested materials)
76
Q

Lamina propria

A
  • Middle layer of mucosa
  • Connective tissue, house gut-associate lymphoid tissue
77
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A
  • Outside layer of mucosa
  • smooth muscle layer
78
Q

Submucosa

A

Connective tissue, provides distensibility and elasticity (blood/lymph vessels)

79
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Major smooth muscle coat; inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer

80
Q

Serosa

A

Outer connective layer, secretes serous fluid that lubricates; continuous with mesentery

81
Q

SI Surface Area

A

-Folds
-Villi
-Microvilli

82
Q

Small intestine segmentation

A

-Small intestine’s method of motility
- Mixes and propels chyme
- Oscillating, ring-like contractions of the circular smooth muscle
- Migrating motility complex
- Ileocecal juncture

83
Q

Small intestine digestion

A

Digestion accomplished by pancreatic enzymes along with bile

84
Q

Location of SI digestion enzymes

A

Function at brush border

85
Q

Brush border enzymes

A
  • Enterokinase
  • Disaccharidases
  • Aminopeptidases
86
Q

Enterokinase

A

Activates trypsinogen into trypsin

87
Q

Disaccharidases

A

Complete CHO digestion, disaccharides into monosaccharides

88
Q

Aminopeptidases

A

Hydrolyze small peptides into amino acid fragments

89
Q

SI absorption

A

-Primary function
- Duodenum and jejunum primarily
- CHO, protein, fat, ingested electrolytes, vitamins, water indiscriminately
- Ca and Fe absorption adjusted individually
-Lining is rapidly turned over (100 million intestinal cells shed/min)

90
Q

CHO absorption

A

-Presented mainly in the form of maltose, sucrose, lactose (disaccharides)
- Disaccharides are in the brush border (breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides)

91
Q

Protein Absorption

A

-Amino acids and some small peptides
- Symporters
- Small peptides use tertiary active transport
- Absorbed protein used to synthesize new protein for the body (enzymes and muscle recovery)

92
Q

Symporters

A

Membrane protein involved in transport of 2 or more different molecules across membrane

93
Q

Lipid Absorption

A

-Passive process
- Micelles reach luminal membrane
- FFAs & monoglycerides leave micelles and diffuse into enterocyte
- Monoglycerides and FFAs resynthesized into TGs
- TGs form into Chylomicrons (water-soluble lipoprotein)
- Chylomicrons enter lymphatic system for transport

94
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • Temporary storage for excreta
    -Indigestible food residues, unabsorbed biliary components, remaining fluid
  • Extracts water and salt
  • Some microbes present that make volatile fatty acids
    -Movements usually slow and non-propulsive
  • No digestive enzymes
  • LI converts luminal contents to feces
95
Q

Large Intestine Components

A
  • Colon (primary component, ranges in size dependent on species)
  • Cecum
  • Rectum
96
Q

Luminal contents to feces

A

-Mass movements propel colonic contents
- Food entering stomach stimulates gastrocolic reflex
- Eliminated by defecation reflex

AN SCI 373 (9 decks)

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