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AN SCI 373 > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Bones

A
  • Cellular structures in which extracellular fluid is surrounded by a rigid calcified frame
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2
Q

Medullary cavity of bone

A

Principle location of blood formation

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3
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

-On long axis of body
- Skull, vertebrae, and bones attached to vertebrae, ribs and ventral connections of ribs and sternum

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4
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Bones of front (thoracic) and hind. (pelvic) limbs and respective pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
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5
Q

Lone bone

A
  • Compact, solid
  • Spongy: cancellous
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6
Q

Trabeculae

A
  • Mineralized tissue
  • Spongy bone
  • Regions between are filled with bone marrow
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7
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • Either extremity of long bone
  • Epiphyseal plate composed of hyaline cartilage and represents point of growth in a longitudinal direction; gets replaced by bone in mature bone
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8
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • Cylindrical shaft between two epiphyses
  • Contains marrow cavity, where blood cell production occurs
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9
Q

Metaphysis

A
  • Flared part at the end of the diaphyses
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10
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Covers outer surfaces of bone
  • Contains osteoblasts/osteoprogenitor cells
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11
Q

Bone composition

A
  • 25% water
  • 45% mineral (37% calcium, 18.5% phosphorus)
  • 30% organic matter (about 90% collagen)
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12
Q

Osteoblasts

A

-Deposition of Ca2+ into bone
-Differentiated bone forming cell responsible for producing bone matrix
-Secretes collagen, makes up osteoid

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13
Q

Osteoclasts

A

-Resorption of Ca2+ from bone
- Large, motile, multi-nucleated bone resorbing cells
- Precursors come from bone marrow and spleen
- Apart of the mononuclear phagocytic system

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14
Q

Ca2+ Deposition and Resorption

A

-Tightly controlled by hormones
-Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- Guarantees a rapidly exchangeable pool

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15
Q

What is in the central canal of a bone

A
  • Lymphatic vessel
  • Vein and artery
  • Nerve
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16
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A
  • Innermost layer of periostem, enosteal lining cells of marrow cavity, lining cells of haversian and Volkmann canals
  • Stimulation leads to more active osteoblasts
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17
Q

Osteocyte

A
  • Mature bone cell/transformed osteoblast
  • Maintain bone matrix, synthesize and resorb matrix to an extent
  • Use gap junctions to communicate and respond to hormones
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18
Q

Bone remodeling cycle

A
  • Resorption and formation of bone by osteoclasts and osteoblasts is coupled
    1. Osteoclast resorption (initially thick bone is chewed down)
    2. Osteoblast activity, matrix formation (osteoid) (bone is built back up from lowest thickness)
    3. Mineralization
    4. Resting phase
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19
Q

Uncoupled osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis

A

Leads to apoptotic osteoclast

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20
Q

Bone formation

A
  • Identified according to environment
  • Heteroplastic, endochondral, intramembranous
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21
Q

Heteroplastic

A

In tissue other than skeleton (penis)

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22
Q

Endochondral

A
  • Develops from cartilage and is mostly preformed in the fetus
  • Occurs after birth from cartilage plates of long bone
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23
Q

Intramembranous

A
  • Formed without intervention of cartilage
  • Flat bones of skull and face
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24
Q

Long bone growth

A
  • Depends on epiphyseal plate
  • 4 zones
  • Cartilage does not have blood supply and extracellular fluid provides nutrients
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25
Q

Apposition

A

-Bone growth that increases the width
- Shaft of bone

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26
Q

Bone remodeling

A
  • Coordinated formation of new bone at outer surfaces
  • Resorption of bone at inner surfaces
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27
Q

Types of Bone Remodeling Cycles

A
  1. Coupled and balanced bone remodeling (no net change)
  2. Coupled and unbalanced bone remodeling (some net change)
  3. Uncoupled bone remodeling (large net change)
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28
Q

Vitamin D background

A
  • Steroid hormone
  • Biologically inert and must be converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in liver then 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in kidney
  • Works via nuclear Vitamin D receptor
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29
Q

What does Vitamin D regulate

A
  • Calcium/Phosphate absorption in the gut, calcium mobilization in the bone, calcium reabsorption in kidney
  • Affects T cell immunity
  • VDR found in many diverse cells
30
Q

Estrogen deficiency effect on bone

A

Causes bone loss

31
Q

Calcium deficiency effect on bone

A

Slows bone formation

32
Q

Chronic stress effect on bone

A

Decreases bone formation

33
Q

Distribution of water in body

A
  • Water is 60% of body weight. Of that:
  • 67% is intracellular
  • 27% is interstitial
  • 6% is circulating plasma
34
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively constant physical and chemical conditions within an organism

35
Q

Why is diffusion not sufficient in complex organisms

A

Distance

36
Q

Open circulatory system

A
  • Hemolymph flows directly into interstitial fluid
37
Q

Closed circulatory system

A
  • Blood flows through capillaries (leisurely flow in diffusion zone)
38
Q

Fish Circulatory System

A
  • Two chambered heart
  • Single circuit of blood flow
  • Two capillary beds
39
Q

Frog Circulatory System

A
  • Three chambered heart
  • 2 circulatory loops
  • some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in ventricle
40
Q

Mammalian Circulatory System

A
  • Four chambered heart (right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle)
  • Two circulatory loops ( Pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation)
41
Q

Purpose of Valves in Veins

A

To keep blood from pooling

42
Q

Number of Arteries

A

160

43
Q

Number of Arterioles

A

5x10^7

44
Q

Number of capillaries

A

10^10

45
Q

Number of Venules

A

10^8

46
Q

Number of Veins

A

200

47
Q

Number of vena cava

A

2

48
Q

Number of aorta

A

1

49
Q

Systolic pressure

A

High pressure

50
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Low pressure

51
Q

Arteries

A

High pressure delivery vessels

52
Q

Arterioles

A

Resistance vessels regulate flow to capillary beds

53
Q

Capillaries

A

Exchange vessels, large number with small diffusion distance

54
Q

Veins

A

Low pressure return vessels

55
Q

Steps of Cardiac Cycle Contraction

A
  1. RA and RV are relaxed, blood filling heart
  2. RA contracts, RV still relaxed and has final filling
  3. RV contracts, high pressure flow of blood to lungs
  4. LA and LV are relaxed, blood filling heart
  5. LA contracts, LV is still relaxed and has final filling
  6. LV contracts, high pressure flow of blood to body
56
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricle contracts and generates pressure

57
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

Ventricle relaxes and creates a vacuum

58
Q

Ventricular filling. (Mid-to-late Diastole)

A
  • Heart relaxed and filling with blood (aortic and pulmonary valve closed)
  • Atrial contraction (aortic and pulmonary valve closed)
59
Q

Systole

A
  • Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (all valves closed and ventricles build pressure by contracting)
  • Ventricular ejection (once enough pressure has been built, Right AV valve and Left AV valve open)
60
Q

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (Early Diastole)

A

All valves closed and ventricle relaxes and generates low pressure

61
Q

Vena cava

A
  • Superior vena cava (top, returns blood from head, upper limbs)
  • Inferior vena cava (bottom, returns blood from trunk, legs)
62
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Valve that leads from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

63
Q

Right atrioventricular valve

A

Valve that leads from right atrium (from vena cava) to right ventricle

64
Q

Left atrioventricular valve

A

Valve that leads from left atrium (from pulmonary veins) to left ventricle

65
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Valve that leads from left ventricle to aorta

66
Q

Volume comparison of left and right ventricle

A

They have the same volume. Left ventricular wall is more muscular

67
Q

When does a valve open

A

When pressure is greater behind the valve

68
Q

When does a valve close

A

When pressure is greater in front of the valve. It does not open in the opposite direction- valves are one-way

69
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Right av valve

70
Q

Prevention of eversion of AV valves

A

Papillary muscle and chordae tendineae

71
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

-Left av valve
- closing causes lub sound

72
Q

Semilunar valve

A

-Aortic or pulmonary valve
- Closing causes dub sound

AN SCI 373 (9 decks)

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