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AN SCI 373 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones secreted where

A

Into extracellular fluid; circulates in blood, hemolymph

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2
Q

Role of hormones

A

Communicates regulatory responses through interaction with a specific receptor
- Reproduction
- Development
- Energy metabolism
- Growth
- Behavior

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3
Q

Endocrine system

A

Chemical signaling by hormones

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4
Q

Levels of cellular regulation

A

Intracellular, local environment, systematic regulation

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5
Q

Intracellular regulation

A

Within the individual cells themselves (positive or negative regulation)
- Covalent modification
- Phosphorylation

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6
Q

Local environment regulation

A

Cells response to the immediate environment, including presence of other cells
- Local factors secreted by other cells
- Extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Systematic regulation

A

Provides integration of activities of cells distant from each other
- Endocrine system
- Nervous system
- Overlap between endocrine and nervous system

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8
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Hormone enters the blood

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9
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Hormone works on a neighboring cell

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10
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Hormone works on itself

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11
Q

Neuroendocrine signaling

A

Neurons release hormone that then acts on a receptor on a cell

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12
Q

Hormones

A
  • Chemical substance (many diverse substances)
  • Produced in one organ
  • Transported via blood to a distant organ
  • Modifies organ function
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13
Q

Types of hormones

A

Steroids (lipids)- derivatives of cholesterol, derivatives of arachidonic acids (lipids), proteins/peptides, catecholamines, glycoproteins

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14
Q

Which hormones act via membrane receptor

A
  • Proteins
  • Glycoproteins
    -Prostaglandin (derived from arachidonic acid)
  • Catecholamines (aa derivative)
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15
Q

Which hormones act via nuclear receptor

A
  • Steroids
  • Thyroxine (aa derivative)
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16
Q

Hormone classification

A

-Amines
- Peptides
- Steroids
- Prostaglandins

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17
Q

Amines

A
  • Derived from tyrosine
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Epinephrine/norepinephrine
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18
Q

Peptides

A
  • Peptides: short proteins (1-9 amino acids)
  • Polypeptides (long unbranched peptide chain)
  • Proteins (one or more polypeptides arranged together)
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19
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • Derivative of cholesterol (fat soluble)
  • Have a direct action on target cell
  • Pass through cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) and have intracellular receptors
  • Binds to receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell
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20
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Derived from arachidonic acid

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21
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A
  • Progesterone (female sex hormone)
  • Testosterone (male sex hormone)
  • Aldosterone (adrenal cortex hormone)
  • Cortisol (adrenal cortex hormone)
    -Estradiol (female sex hormone)
22
Q

Plasma membrane receptors

A
  • B adrenergic receptor (GPCR)
  • EGF receptor ( RTKs)
    -Insulin receptor (RTKs)
  • Growth hormone receptor (JAK/STA)
23
Q

RTK signaling (EGF-EGFR)

A

-hormone binds to receptor and induces receptor dimerization with other nearby RTK
- Cytoplasmic kinase domains are activated
- Receptor becomes autophorsphorylated on tyrosine residues
- Results in creation of binding sites for an addutional factor which activates the subsequent signaling pathway (2nd messenger system)

24
Q

JAK/STAT signaling (Growth hormone)

A
  • GH binds receptor, then STAT binds –> JAK talks to STAT
  • STAT then delivers message to nucleus and triggers a reaction
25
Q

G-Protein Coupled Receptor signaling

A
  • Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins
  • 7 transmembrane domains; integral membrane proteins, the extracellular part of the receptor can be glycosylated
  • Ligand binds to receptor outside of cell
  • Intracellular domain then activates G protein (2nd messenger system)
26
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

-Neuron terminals in posterior pituitary (release vasopressin and oxytocin into systemic blood)
-neuron terminals connect to neurosecretory cell bodies that produce oxytocin and vasopressin in paraventricular nucleus and Supraoptic nucleus

27
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus (secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal system)
  • Neurons and anterior pituitary communicate via Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
  • Endocrine cells of anterior pituitary secrete hormones into blood
28
Q

Hormones of Anterior Pituitary

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • Prolactin
  • Growth hormone
  • LH and FSH (sex hormones)
29
Q

TSH

A

-Acts on thyroid gland
- promotes thyroid hormone T3 and T4
- leads to increased metabolic rate

30
Q

ACTH

A
  • Acts on adrenal cortex
  • Promotes cortisol
  • causes stress response
31
Q

Growth hormone

A
  • Acts on liver (and adipose tissue, and muscle)
  • Promotes IGF-1 which causes growth of bone and soft tissue
32
Q

Prolactin

A
  • Acts on mammary glands
  • Causes breast growth and milk secretion
33
Q

Regulation of Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
  • These hormones reach anterior pituitary via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
  • Neural input
  • Negative-feedback effects of anterior pituitary or target gland hormones (can be applied to all hormones that are in the hypothalamic- anterior pituitary gland axis)
34
Q

Positive Feedback

A

-Process of labor
-Occurs during milk letdown

35
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • Secretes melatonin (produced by seratonin)
  • Maintains circadian rhythm (melatonin secretion increases x10 in darkness)
  • Seasonal changes in melatonin secretin patterns trigger reproduction
  • In mammals, melatonin output is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus (SCN receives light info from eyes)
36
Q

Long day breeders

A

Breed during summer

37
Q

Short day breeders

A

Breed during fall/winter

38
Q

Melatonins affect on reproduction

A
  • LH pulse frequency influenced by concentration of melatonin which is dependent on light being received by eyes
39
Q

Direct effects of Growth Hormone

A

Enhances immune system
Metabolic effects:
- Target organs are adipose tissue skeletal muscle and liver
- Mobilizes fat stores as a major energy source
- Conserves glucose for use by the brain (Decreases glucose uptake by muscles and increases glucose output by liver)

40
Q

Mediation of GH’s actions

A

Mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)- indirect effects
- Stimulates production of IGF-1 by the liver
- Critical for long bone growth in young animals

41
Q

Thyroid hormones

A
  • Derived from tyrosine
  • contains iodine
  • T4 has 4 iodine
  • T3 has 3 iodine (this is the active form)
    -Functions include increase internal heat/oxygen consumption, stimulate metabolic tissues, and ATP
42
Q

Mechanism of thyroid hormone action

A
  • T3 is the major biologically active form of thyroid hormone
  • Most secreted T4 is activated by conversion to T3 by deiodinase enzyme
  • T3 binds with nuclear receptors attached to thyroid-response elements of DNA
  • Alters transcription of specific mRNAs and synthesis of specific proteins
43
Q

Pathway for Thyroid hormone

A
  • Stress is inhibitor and cold in infants is a promoter
  • Hypothalamus releases Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  • This stimulates anterior pituitary to produce Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • THis produces thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4
  • T3 causes metabolic rate and heat production to increase and enhances sympathetic activity
  • T3 and T4 negatively regulate TSH in anterior pituitary
44
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • Secreted by parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid gland
    -Polypeptide
  • 32 amino acids long
  • Stimulated by hypercalcemia and hypermagnesia
  • Inhibits osteoclast activity
45
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

-Embedded in thyroid glands
- One or two pairs depending on animal

46
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A
  • Polypeptide, 84 amino acids long
  • Stimulated by low blood calcium concentrations (hypocalcemia)
  • Bones: increases osteolysis
  • Kidneys: increases calcium absorption from tubular fluid
  • Intestine: increases calcium and phosphorous absorption by increased formation of active form of vitamin D
47
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex:
- 3 distinct layers
Adrenal medulla
- homogenous
- contains secretory granules
- supplied by preganglionic sympathetic neurons

48
Q

Adrenal hormones

A

steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex
- Derived from cholesterol
- Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): influence mineral (electrolyte) balance) and produced in zona glomerulosa
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol): Role in metabolism of glucose, proteins, and lipids. Produced in zona fasciculata
- Sex steroids: androgenic effects

49
Q

Glucocorticoids effects (cortisol)

A
  • Metabolic effects: increase blood glucose, while reducing proteins and fat stores
  • permissive actions
  • enhanced memory
  • adaption to long term stress
  • Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects at high doses
50
Q

Mineralocorticoids effects

A
  • Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by kidney
  • Promote membrane transport in sweat glands, salivary glands, and intestinal mucosa
51
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons
  • Secrete NE and E (both are catecholamines derived from tyrosine), stored in chromaffin granules
  • Secretion is by exocytosis
  • Secretion stimulated by the sympathetic system
52
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Composed of both exocrine (digestive system) and endocrine tissue
  • Exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes through pancreatic duct into digestive tract
  • Islets of langerhans are integrators of endocrine regulatory responses and secrete hormones (pancreatic hormones are the dominant hormonal regulators of glucose homeostasis)

AN SCI 373 (9 decks)

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