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AN SCI 373 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial nerves, ganglia outside CNS, spinal nerves

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3
Q

Two Types of Sensory Input

A

External (sensory) and Internal (visceral)

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4
Q

Where input goes, motor output leaves

A

Central nervous system: Brain and Spinal Cord.
Integration occurs

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5
Q

Two Types of Motor Output

A

Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

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6
Q

Somatic Nervous System Acts on

A

Skeletal Muscles

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7
Q

Autonomic Nervous System Acts on

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic system (as well as enteric nervous system in digestive tract)

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8
Q

Pathway from CNS to effector organ

A

CNS –preganglionic fiber–> autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic neurotransmitter) –postganglionic fiber–> Varicosity (Postganglionic neurotransmitter) –> Effector Organ

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9
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Preganglionic neurotransmitter and Receptor

A

Acetylcholine, All Nicotinic Receptors

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10
Q

Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine/Epinephrine

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11
Q

Sympathetic Effector Organ Receptors

A

Adrenergic Receptors (a1, a2, B1, B2, B3)

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

Parasympathetic Effector Organ Receptors

A

Muscarinic Receptors (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5)

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14
Q

General Response of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

A

Para: Rest and Digest
Sym : Fight or Flight

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15
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic: Pupils

A

Para: Constrict
Sym: Dilate

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16
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic: Saliva

A

Para: Stimulate
Sym: Inhibit

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17
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic: Heartbeat

A

Para: Slow (Vagus)
Sym: Increase

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18
Q

Heartbeat Responses

A

Stimulate Vagus: slows
Stimulate Sympathetic nerves: Increase
Cut Sympathetic: Slows
Cut Sympathetic and Parasympathetic: Increase

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19
Q

Which autonomic system has more basal activity on the heart

A

Parasympathetic – when both nerves cut, heart rate increases rather than remains unchanged

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20
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic: Airways

A

Para: Constrict
Sym: Relax

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21
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic: Stomach and Intestine Activity

A

Para: Stimulate
Sym: Inhibit

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22
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic: Glucose Release (Liver)

A

Sym: Stimulate

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23
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic: Gall bladder

A

Para: Stimulate
Syn: Inhibit

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24
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic: Bladder

A

Para: contract (voiding)
Sym: Inhibit

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25
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic: Genitals

A

Para: Erection
Sym: Ejaculation

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26
Q

Sympathetic Spinal Nerves

A

T1-T12

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27
Q

Sympathetic Splanchnic Nerves

A

L1, L2

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28
Q

Parasympathetic Cranial Nerves

A

IX, Vii, III, X

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29
Q

Parasympathetic Spinal Nerves

A

S1-S4

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30
Q

Grey Matter

A

Cell bodies and dendrites
Cerebrum (outside-corex)

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31
Q

White Matter

A

Axons with myelin
Inside and in tracts

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32
Q

Ventricles

A

In middle of white matter, hollow spaces in brain

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33
Q

Brainstem

A

Composed of Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla
Control of cardiovascular, respiration, digestion

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34
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance, skilled movement

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35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Temperature, Thirst, Hunger, Endocrine

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36
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory Relay, Emotion, Arousal

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37
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Motor control, addiction, habits

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38
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Sensory, motor, association, thinking, etc.

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39
Q

Protection of the CNS

A
  • Bony structures (cranium (skull) encases brain, Vertebral column surrounds spinal cord)
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in ventricles formed by selective transport fluids
  • Blood-brain barrier - tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
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40
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A

Made by tissue that lines the ventricles (hollow spaces) in the brain. It flows in and around the brain and spinal cord to help cushion them from injury and provide nutrients.

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41
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

-Tight junction in capillary wall
-Astrocyte processes
-carrier-mediated transport
-lipid soluble substances can get through?

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42
Q

Most capillaries

A

Possess water-lined pore

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43
Q

Brain highly dependent on

A

Constant blood supply
- brain cannot produce ATP in absence of oxygen
-Brain uses only glucose (and ketone bodies during starvation) for fuel (small amount of glycogen stored in astrocytes)
- brain damage results if brain is deprived of oxygen for more than a few minutes (stroke)

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44
Q

Four lobes of cerebral corex

A

occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal

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45
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Back of brain- contains visual association area (vision)

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46
Q

Temporal lobe

A

middle of brain- auditory association area
(hearing, smell)

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47
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Near back of brain on top- contains somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association area (body sensory, touch, taste, speech, reading)

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48
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Front of brain- contains frontal association area and motor cortex (motor activity, speech, memory, planning)

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49
Q

Hearing hotspot

A

Middle of brain - auditory cortex in temporal lobe

50
Q

Seeing words hotspot

A

Back of brain - visual cortex in occipital lobe

51
Q

Speaking words hotspot

A

Middle top of brain- motor cortex in frontal lobe

52
Q

Generating words hotspot

A

Front of brain- broca’s area in frontal lobe

53
Q

Central sulcus

A

Split down middle of brain between primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex

54
Q

Hommunculus

A

Visual representation of what parts of the brain correspond to each body part (sensory humunculus similar to motor humunculus)

55
Q

Four distinct structures of the brain

A

Brainstem, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Cerebrum

56
Q

Medulla

A

In Brainstem. Autonomic center for regulating heart, lungs, and digestive system

57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

In Diencephalon. Temperature, hormones, hunger, thirst, sexual behaviors

58
Q

Thee parts of cerebellum

A

Vestibulocerebellum, Spinocerebellum, Cerebrocerebellum

59
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Bottom and top (closest to brainstem) - Maintenance of balance, control of eye movements

60
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Top (middle) - Regulation of muscle tone, coordination of skilled voluntary movement

61
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Bottom- Planing and initiation of voluntary activity, storage of procedural memories

62
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Integrating center for homeostatic functions (body temp, thirst and urine output, food intake)
  • Controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion
  • Produces posterior pituitary hormones (Stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection)
63
Q

Pathway for coordinated movement

A

frontal lobe plans –> premotor cortex prepares for movement –> primary motor cortex activates movement pathways –> cerebellum receives input from premotor cortex, primary motor cortex and sensory input from parietal lobe SS cortex and cordinates –> coordinated movement comes from premotor and primary motor cortex

64
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Occurs along myelinated axon. Action potential jumps between nodes of ranvier and increases speed of conduction

65
Q

Axons synapse on

A
  • Other neurons
  • Muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
  • Glands
66
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Occurs between motor neuron and skeletal muscle
1. action potential reaches presynaptic terminal
2. open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, causing an influx into the motor neuron
3. Acetylcholine released
4. Acetylcholine diffuses across synaptic cleft
5. ACH binds to ACH receptors on post-synaptic membrane and opens channels (ligand-gated sodium channels)
6. Acetylcholine broken down by acetylcholinsterase

67
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between presynaptic terminal in motor neuron and postsynaptic membrane (skeletal muscle) in which acetylcholine diffuses across

68
Q

Botulism

A

Blocks ACH release at neuromuscular junction

69
Q

Cobratoxin

A

Blocks ACH receptors at neuromuscular junction on ligand-gated sodium channels in postsynaptic membrane

70
Q

Curare

A

Blocks ACH receptors at neuromuscular junction on ligand-gated sodium channels in postsynaptic membrane

71
Q

Nerve gas (sarin)

A

Blocks acetylcholinesterase (harmful at neuromuscular junction)

72
Q

Black Widow Toxin

A

Makes pores in motor neuron membrane at neuromuscular junction

73
Q

Acetylcholine Action and Location

A

Excitatory to skeletal muscles; excitatory or inhibitory at neurons
Central NS, Peripheral NS, Neuromuscular junction

74
Q

ACH can cause 2 different effects

A

This is due to two different receptors that bind ACH

75
Q

Muscarine

A

ACH receptor that slows heartbeat
Inhibited by atropine

76
Q

Nicotine

A

ACH receptor that causes muscle contraction
Inhibited by curare

77
Q

Norepinephrine Action and Location

A

Excitatory or Inhibitory*
Central NS, Peripheral NS

78
Q

Glutamate Action and Location

A

Excitatory*
Central NS

79
Q

GABA Action and Location

A

Inhibitory*
Central NS

80
Q

Met-enkephalin Action and Location

A

Inhibitory
Central NS

81
Q

Integration of responses within the nervous system can be done by

A

Different neurotransmitters released by multiple presynaptic neurons causing varied responses in postsynaptic neuron

82
Q

How do action potentials cause diversity of actions

A
  • Frequency of action potentials
  • A neuron may go to different locations and alter function in multiple other neurons
  • Multiple neurotransmitters in different neurons (although, single neuron, single neurotransmitter)
  • A single neurotransmitter can bind to different receptors
  • Multitude of responses (IPSP, EPSP) than can alter the membrane potential of a neuron
83
Q

Invertebrate evolution of nervous system involves

A

Increasing cephalization (concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain)

84
Q

Vertebrate evolution of nervous system involves

A

Increase in body weight corresponds to increase in brain size

85
Q

Evolutionary trend of brain

A

Expand, more complex
Although, some of the primitive regions such as the brainstem are similar

86
Q

Number of neurons in sensory receptors

A

1x

87
Q

Number of neurons involved in integration in CNS

A

200,000x

88
Q

Number of neurons in effector organs (motor system)

A

10x

89
Q

Internal sensory pathways

A

Blood chemistry, pressure, temperature
Nerves from many internal organs (referred pain)
Input generally goes to medulla and other primitive areas of the brain

90
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Monitor blood pressure - provide data on blood pressure to medulla
Carotid artery baroreceptor
Aortic baroreceptor

91
Q

Carotid arteries

A

Deliver blood to brain (both sides of neck)

92
Q

Baroreceptors report to

A

Medulla oblongata (vasomotor center and cardioinhibitory center)
Carotid artery baroreceptor connects via glossopharyngeal nerve
Aortic baroreceptor connects via vagus nerve

93
Q

Medulla oblongata acts on

A

Heart via vagus nerve
Blood vessels via sympathetic neuron

94
Q

Changes in action potentials in neurons from carotid baroreceptors during differing blood pressures

A

Carotid sinus nerve impulses increase in frequency with increased blood pressure and impulses decrease in frequency with decreased blood pressure

95
Q

Cardiovascular center

A
  • In medulla
  • regulates blood pressure by feedback circuit to heart and blood vessels
  • Sends output to sympathetic neurons to release NE on heart and release epinephrine from Adrenal (increases heart rate and stroke volume -> increases cardiac output and therefore blood pressure; Constricts specific arterioles –> increases resistance and therefore blood pressure)
  • Sends output to parasympathetic neurons to release ACH on heart: decreases heart rate and atrial contractility which decreases blood pressure
96
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system acts on

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Exocrine muscle
Some endocrine glands

97
Q

Stimuli in digestive tract acts on

A

Enteric nervous system, which then acts only on digestive organs

98
Q

Afferent division

A

The sensory (afferent) division carries sensory signals by way of afferent nerve fibers from receptors in the central nervous system (CNS)

99
Q

Efferent division

A

The efferent or motor division transmits impulses from the CNS out to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.

100
Q

Autonomic nervous system regulates

A

Visceral activities (circulation, digestion, thermoregulation, pupil size,…)
Most visceral organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers (dual innervation)
Two divisions exert opposite effects

101
Q

Sympathetic system

A

Preparation for strenuous physical activity in emergency situations

102
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

General housekeeping activities in relaxed situations

103
Q

Parasympathetic postganlionic fibers release

A

ACH (cholinergic fibers)

104
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release

A

norepinephrine (NE) (adrenergic fibers)

105
Q

Varicosities

A

Terminal branches of postganglionic fibers have
varicosities for diffuse release of neurotransmitters

106
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Modified sympathetic ganglion which releases NE and epinephrine into the blood

107
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system has longer preganglionic fibers

A

Parasympathetic

108
Q

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

A
  • On postganglionic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia
  • Open nonspecific cation channels when ACh binds
  • More Na enters than K leaves, resulting in depolarization
109
Q

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors

A
  • On effector cells of parasympathetic systemn
  • Five subtypes linked to G proteins that activate second messenger systems when ACh binds
110
Q

5 dfferent types of muscarinic receptors

A

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5
The muscarinic agonists cause receptor activation; the antagonists produce receptor blockade

111
Q

Thoracolumbar sympathetic nerves*

A

The sympathetic nervous system originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord. This system is responsible for stimulating fight-or-flight responses in the body, which heighten senses, mobilize energy, and temporarily pause physiological processes like digestion and voiding

112
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

On effector cells of sympathetic system
Epinephrine or NE binding coupled to G proteins

113
Q

Types of Adrenergic receptors

A

a1, a2, B1, B2, B3

114
Q

a1 receptor

A

bind to NE&raquo_space; E, excitatory response, smooth
muscle of some blood vessels, vasoconstriction (GI tract, kidney)

115
Q

α2 receptors

A

bind to NE > E, inhibitory response

116
Q

β1 receptors

A

bind equally to epinephrine and NE, excitatory
response – heart, increase heart rate & heart contractility

117
Q

β2 receptors

A

bind to epinephrine, inhibitory response – decrease
motility of GI tract, bronchodilation bronchioles of lungs

118
Q

β3 receptors

A

binds epinephrine and norepinephrine, stimulatory
response - fat cells, lipolysis

119
Q

Types of internal sensory input

A

Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors

120
Q

Types of external sensory input

A

Visual
Touch
Hearing
Smell

AN SCI 373 (9 decks)

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