Week 7 Sem 1 2014 Flashcards
Serotonin (5-HT)
Neurotransmitter
CNS/sensory (pain)
Usually inhibitory
Dopamine (DA)
Neurotransmitter
In CNS
Usually inhibitory
Glycine
Neurotransmitter
CNS synapses
Always inhibitory
In spinal cord
GABA
Neurotransmitter
CNS terminal
Always inhibitory
Glutamate
Neurotransmitter
Sensory
Always excitatory
Sarcoma
Cancerous tumour from cells of Bone Cartilage Fat Muscle Vascular Or hematopoietic tissues
Lymphoma
Wen B or T lymphocytes divide faster n live longer than normal
Type of blood cancer
Leukaemia
Abnormal increase of immature WBCs
Broad term coverin spectrum of diseases
Type of cancer of blood or bone marrow
Tumourigenesis
Growth/production of tumour
By clonal expansion (ie one common cell ancestor)
Primary tumour/neoplasm
Is clinically detectable
Cancer dormancy
Cancerous cells not gainin blood supply cos cant get angiogenesis
So stays alive, proliferates but cant metastasize
Metastasis
Process of cancer cells invading other tissues
Ruotes: lymphatics, local, vascular
Intravasation
Tumour cells goin into vascular/lymphatic vessels, through basal lamina n endothelium
Extravasation
Cancer cells escape from capillary n lodge into surrounding tissues
Cachexia
Loss of weight, Muscle atrophy Fatigue Weakness Loss of apetite
In cancer patients
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels from pre existing ones
Can happen at tumours - for oxygen n nutrient supply
Cancer effect on patient
- Cancer displaces normal tissue, replacin them wit cells that dont function properly
- tumours block vital passages (bowel lumen, arterial, venous,lymph
- cancer cells hav high proliferation=absorbs nutrients=breaks down surrounding cell to nourish itself= cachexia
- cancers secrete hormones- distal effects
Cancer
2nd to heart disease in death causation
Cellular characteristics of cancer cells
Enlarged nucleus
Little specialised features
Little cytoplasm
Benign cells
Appear like original tissue
Remain localised (encapsulated)- dont spread
Usually Dont cause problems unless they grow in a confined space ie the brain
Malignant cells
Dont look like tissue/cell of origin (irregular structure )
Spread - invade surrounding tissues
R often lethal
Cancer cells- 2 main characteristics
1) reproduce despite normal constraints that inhibit proliferation
2) invade n colonize territories normally reserved for other cells
Cell transformation
Change from normal cell to cancer cell
Eg nucleus enlargin etc
Lymphedema /lymphoedema
Lymph fluid accumulates due to tumorous occlusion
Ascites
Build up of fluid in abdominal cavity
One of the effects of cancer
Cancer spread to bone
Can cause severe pain
Weaken bone (wich can cause bone deformities leadin to nerve/spinal cord compression)
Hypercalcaemia (elevated calcium level in blood)
Osteoporosis
Proliferation limitation mechanisms
Wen cells go into
Resting phase, G1/G0 (cancer cells ignore signal to enter G0)
Differentiation terminally (cancer cells fail to differentiate fully n hence keep dividin)
Apoptosis ( cancer cells hav mutations that may compromise its apoptotic capacity)
Apoptosis
Attribution
Process where we explain the causes of behaviours n events
Errors of attribution:
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency for observer to underestimate external factors n overestimate internal factors
Eg he’s depressed again bc he is really lazy n cant keep a job
To favour internal attributions
Types of attribution:
External (situational)
Behaviour is due to situational constraints
Eg ‘i had a heart attack bc there is so much stress in my family’
Type of attribution:
Internal (deposition)
Behaviour reflects the person’s personal traits or abilities
‘I had a heart attack cos i smoked n ate too much fatty food’
Type of attribution:
Stable vs unstable
Stable: ill never b able to exercise regularly
Unstable: ive not been able to exercise lately as it has been too hot
Type of attribution:
Global vs specific
Global- diabetes effects all aspects of my life
Specific- diabetes prevents me from eatin fatty foods
Type of attribution:
Controllable vs uncontrollable (aka Locus of control)
Controllable- i can control my diet
Uncontrollable- no matter wat i do, i cant control my diet
Errors of attribution:
Actor- observer bias
Tendency for actor (person doin behaviour) to blame external stuff for their own behaviour
Eg i got sick bc boss makes me work too hard
Self enhancing bias
Attributing one’s success to personal factors
Self- protectin bias
Attributing one’s failures to situational factors
Self- handicappin
Publicallu makin advance external attributions for one’s anticipated failure or poor performance in forthcomin event
Eg sayin u will fail to fwends before exam to decrease expectations
Attitude components
- Cognition - beliefs/ideas about somethin eg the medication will make me better
- Affect - emotions- how u feel bout it
Eg i dont mind takin tablets - Behaviour- predisposition to act in a certain way eg more likely to adhere to dose prescribed
Cognitive dissonance
Simultaneously opposing cognitions
Eg
Cogntion: i like ham n salami- it tastes good! But too much processed meat is linked to bowel cancer
Affect: worry bout cancer
Behaviour: reduce intake of ham sandwiches
Attitude n behaviour
Attitude can predict behaviour
Persuasion
Attempt to change an attitude
3 components:
Source, message (fear can induce change, but too much fear= no change cos of lack of attention to stimulus/emotions etc), audience
Persuasive messages
Arouse some degree or fear but not too much
Increase sense of severity if no change is made
Emphasise efficacy, ability to change
Heuristic
Enablin a person to discover/learn something for themselves
Eg fear/worry provides info by affectin heuristics
Elaboration likelihood model
Talks bout 2 channels by wich attitudes can b altered
Central route- high elaboration
Peripheral ruote- low elaboration
