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Med 1011 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

0
Q

Antibody

A

Protein made by body’s immune system that reacts wit specific antigens

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1
Q

Antigen

A

Any subs that produces an immune response

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2
Q

MAC

A

Membrane attack complexes

Pores on pathogen surfaces causing osmotic lysis of bac/virus
Made by complements

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3
Q

Complement pathways

A

Classical (conplement activated by antibody/antigen complexes)
Alternative (initiated by foreign cell surfaces)
Lectin ( recognise mannose on pathogens)

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4
Q

Neutrophil

A

Most abundant type of WBC

Phagocytose bac/fungi

Can kill bac by NET

Key thing in ACUTE INFLAMMATION

has multilobed nucleus

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5
Q

Basophils

A

Secrete histamines during inflammtion

Similar to mast cells in allergies

Targets big parasites like eosinophils

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6
Q

Eosinophils

A

Involved in allergic inflammation responses

Targets larger parasites

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7
Q

Mast cells

A

Involved in allergic response

Upon stimulation wit allergen, release stuff like histamine, interleukin
To create local repsonses eg increase permeability of blood vessles, increase mucus production etc

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8
Q

Opsonisation

A

Marking of a pathogen/antigen with antibody for it to be ingested

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9
Q

Macrophages

A

Wen monocytes leave blood stream n enter tissue, become macrophages

Macrophages engulf pathogens/bad stuff

Can do antigen presenting

Release cytokines (eg TNF and IL-1) - signal local endothelial cells to increase adhesion molecules n increase gap bw cells

Hav receptors for Fc portion of antibodies- so can easily eat stuff that has already been oponisedm

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10
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Kills virus infected cells/cancer cells/phagocytes with phagocytosed microbes inside (ie kills OUR OWN cells, not pathogen)

Dont need activation (cos dont hav antigen-specific receptor)

Has granular cytoplasm - cytotoxic granules induce apoptosis in target cell

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11
Q

Fibrosis

A

Formation of excess fibrous connective tissue

In response to injury, this is called scarring

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12
Q

Epithelioid

A

Macrophage that has retained a very big size cos it has done a lot of eating

In chronic inflammation

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13
Q

Granulation tissue

A

New connective tissue with tiny blood vessels on surface of wound during healing process

In chronic inflammation

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14
Q

Abscess

A

Accumulation of pus in swelling

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15
Q

Granuloma

Pl. granulomata

A

‘Nodular collection or epithelioid histiocytes’

Basically: nodular collection of big macrophages

Epithelioid histocytes=macrophages that look like epithelial cells

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16
Q

Chronic inflammation

A 
Macroscopic appearance;
Chronic ulcer
Abscess cavity
Hollow viscus(organ) with thickened walls
Granulomatous inflammation
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17
Q

Chronic inflammation

A 
Microscopic appearance:
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Macrophages
Granulation tissue n fibrosis
Necrosis
Granuloma
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18
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

Subtype of chronic inflammation

Caused by VERYFEW diseases

Characterised by formation of granulomas

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19
Q

Antibodies: light chain

A

Have lambda or kappa

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20
Q

IgM

Heavy chain: mu

A

1st antibody to b made in response to antigen

Interacts with complement

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21
Q

IgA

Heavy chain: alpha

A

Found in secretions eg milk, bile, saliva

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22
Q

IgD

Heavy chain: delta

A

Minor class of antibodies

Functions mainly as receptor

Rarely secreted

Only found on surface of B cells

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23
Q

IgE

Heavy chain: epsilon

A

Involved in allergic response as it binds to mast cells

Cross linkin of antibodies on surface of mast cell = mast cells degranulation n release of histamines

Defence agaisnt HELMINTHS

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24
Q

IgG

Heavy chain: gamma

A 
Most common antibody
Interacts with complement
Can cross placenta 
Made slightly later in the infection 
Is produced faster n in larger amouts jn secondary infections
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25
Q

Fab fragment

On antibody

A

Binds to antigen

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26
Q

Fc fragment

On antibody

A

Mediates effector functions

27
Q

Clonal selection theory

4 principles

A
  1. Each lymphocyte only has 1 type of receptor
  2. Binding of antigen with high affinity will activate lymphocyte
  3. Differentiated effector cells will have identical receptors to parent cells
  4. Lymphocytes with receptors for self molecules r deleted early on.
28
Q

T cells ‘movement’

A

Born in bone marrow
Mature in thymus
THEN move to 2ndary lymphoid organs: spleen + lymph nodes

29
Q

Class I MHC

A

Found on surface of all nucleated cells xept RBC

Presents antigen synthesised within cell eg virus infected cell

CD8 T cells respond

30
Q

Class II MHC

A

Found on B cells n Antigen Presenting cells (APC

Presents anitgens that enter cell from outside eg bacterial toxins

CD4 T cells respond

31
Q

MHC restriction

A

Process where T cell recognise MHC

Note: T cells can OnLy be activated wen antigen is presented to it in MHc groove by an antigen presenting cell APC ( ie cant be activated by naked antigen
Vs
B cell - can b activated by naked antigen or antigen from APC

32
Q

MHC I markers

A

Contain antigen synthesised within cell
Present to CD8 (killer) T cell
Which kills the cell

Killer T cells ONLY see antigen wen it is in the MHC I groove

33
Q

MHC II markers

A

Contain antigen that enters cell from outside
Presents this to CD4 (helper) T cell
To help B cells make antibodies

Helper T cells ONLY see antigen when it is in the MHC II groove

34
Q

Toll-like receptors

A

Recognise PAMPs
On dendrites
Part of innate response

35
Q

Active immunity

A

There is ANTIGENIC STIMULATION leading to CLONAL EXPANSION, ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS and making of MEMORY CELLS.

Ie we r making the antibodies

Eg recovery from naturally occuring infection; vaccination

‘Immunity that is learned’

36
Q

Passive immunity

A

Transfer of immunity by antibodies (immune serum)

Ie antibodies r given to us

Eg transferral of immunity to foetus/infant through placenta/breast milk

‘Immunity that is given’

37
Q

Chronic inflammation: cells

A

Lymphocytes (both T n B)
Macrophages
Epithelioid histiocytes (in granulomatous inflammation)
Multinucleate giant cells

38
Q

Interferon

A

Secreted by some virus infected cells

Act on uninfected cells by makin them more resistant to the virus

39
Q

Cytokines

A

Group of proteins (eg chemokines, interferons, interleukins) that do
CELL SIGNALLING bw immune cells and do things like activate macrophages, neutrophils etc

40
Q

NLR, RLR

A

Intracellular receptors( ie PRRs) that recognise PAMPs

41
Q

Signs of acute inflammation

A 
Redness (vasodilation)
Heat (increased blood volume + endogenous pyrogens)
Swelling 
Pain
Loss of f(x)
42
Q

Pyrexia

A

Fever

43
Q

Wen splinter punctures epidermis (acute inflammtion…..)

A 
2-Bac start to multiply
3-Injured cells release histamines (causing vasodilation) 
4-Neutrophhils/macrophages come in
5-Bac engulfed by phagocytosis
Also hav other WBC comes in
44
Q

Mutualism

A

2 independent organisms livin togez,
Both benefits

Eg natural flora n us

45
Q

Commensalism

A

2 independent organisms livin togez,
They benefit, and dont affect us (ie we dont get harmed/damaged )

Eg natural flora n us

46
Q

Parasitism

A

2 independent organisms livin togez,

Parasite benefits, we get harmed

47
Q

Immunodeficiencies 3 types

A
  1. Genetic (primary) immunodeficiency
    ( due 2 mutations in immune response genes)
  2. Secondary immunodeficiencies
    (Inabiltiy to generate immune resp Due 2 malnutrition, drugs, cancer, post-infection)
  3. Acquirer immunodeficiencies (eg HIV)
48
Q

DiGeorge syndrome

Genetic immunodeficiency)

A

Due to pLack of thymus- no Tcells- highly suscep to infection

Aka CATCH-22

49
Q

SCID

Genetic immunodeficiency)

A

Severe combined immune deficiency

Impaired production of both T n B cells due to genetic mutations

50
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

Wen immune system reacts to self antigens, causing tissue damage

51
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

Mabs

A

Antibodies specific for one antigen cos
Made by identical immune cells that were CLONES from a unique parent cell

Used in immunotherapy

52
Q

Anergic

A

Lack to response to antigen/allergen by immune cells

53
Q

Tolerance

A

Failure of immune system to react to self

It is a LEARNED process (occurs via clonal abortion)

54
Q

Anti-nonself clones

In clonal abortion/deletion

A

Need to b KEPT

55
Q

Anti-self clones

In clonal abortion/deletion

A

Nedd to b DELETED

56
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune disease

A

Systemic (all around body) inflammatory disorder targetin synovial joints

57
Q

SLE

Autoimmune disease

A

Systemic LUPUS Erythematosus

Characteristic butterfly rash on face

Generalised tissue damage n inflammation due to antibodies

Can affect any organ

58
Q

MS

Autoimmune disease

A

Multiple Sclerosis

Myelin sheath is damaged, affectin neural transmission

59
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune disease

A

Antibodies block nicotinic receptors at the post-synaptic NMJ

60
Q

Type 1 diabetes

Autoimmune disease

A

Cytotoxic cell destruction of beta cells of pancreas (islets of langerhans)
= no secretion of insulin

61
Q

Thyrotoxicosis

Autoimmune disease

A

Antibodies stimulate thyroid so thyroid goes overactive

62
Q

Complement functions

A

Chemotaxis (recruitment of phagocytic cells)

Oponisation

Cell lysis via MAC

63
Q

Complement die by

A

Mild heat treatment

56 degrees for 30 mins

64
Q

Chronic Granulomatous disease

(Genetic immunodeficiency

A

Phagocytes ingest bac but cant do anythin about it cos
Problem wit NADPH oxidase

Treat wit antibiotics

65
Q

Selective IgA deficiency

Genetic immunodeficiency)

A

Ppl wit this lack IgA
So no IgA in secretions like mucus
So eg bac trapped by cilia but not neutralised

Can get pneumonia, bronchitis - anythin to do wit trappin

66
Q

HIV

(Acquired immunodeficiency

A

Befor enter cell, must bind to 2 things on our t CD4 cells:
CCR5 Chemokine receptor
CD4 receptor

HIV has 3 enzymes:
Reverse transcriptase(converts rna 2 dna)
Integrase (integrates their DNA into our DNA)
Proteases (chops up their proteins to be in active form, ready to b shipped off)

Med 1011 (12 decks)

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