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Med 1011 > Week 11 Sem 1 2014 > Flashcards

Week 11 Sem 1 2014 Flashcards

0
Q

Apicomplexa = parasitic protists

A

Characterised by specialised organelles (rhoptry,micronemes,apicoplast

Alot of diseases caused by apicomplexan organisms eg toxoplasmosis
Malaria

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1
Q

Parasitic diseases

A

Caused by

Helminths (metazoans)

Protozoans

Ectoparasites

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2
Q

Parasites

A

All r EUKARYOTES (not archaea/ bac)

Parasite= broadly: organism that lives upon/within another at the expense of the host

Parasitic disease due to= helminths
Protozoans
Ectoparasites

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3
Q

Helminths (worms)

A

Nematodes
Platyhelminths: cestodes n trematodes

There is a worm that can attack for every organ

Life cycle :
Direct (go out n then go in eg via faecal-oral/skin penetration) vs indirect (need intermediate host)

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4
Q

Filarisis /filariasis

A

Parasitic disease caused by round worms( nematodes)

Can b lymphatic filarisis (=elephantitis)
Or subcutaneous filarisis

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5
Q

Protzoa

A

Single celled eukaryotes

Can infect in MANY places in body eg blood (malaria), intestine (giardia), skin (leishmania)

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7
Q

Kinetoplastid

A

Single celled- Flagellated protozoan

Characterised by kinetoplast (extra dna not in nucleus)

2 main gps:
Trypanosomes (american tryp… & african tryp…)

Leishmania

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8
Q

American trypanosomiasis= disease

Aka chagas disease

A

Due to the american trypanosome ie
Trypanosoma cruzi

Zoonosis of humans

Transmission via triatomine bug(“kissing bug”)

Deaths Mainly in central n sth america

2 phases of disease:
Acute (fever, swellin of eyes, vomitin)
Chronic( infection can remain dormant for many yrs- can get heart /intestinal problems)

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9
Q

African Trypanosomiasis= disease

Aka african sleepin sickness

A

Due to trypanosoma brucei (has antigenic variation

Usually in subsaharan africa

Usually by tsete fly bite

2 stages to disease 1) fever headache
2) confusion numbness trouble sleepin
Can die within few wks

Can test wit lumbar puncture

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10
Q

Leishmaniasis= disease

A

Due to leishmania spp.
(Btw spp = abreivation for multiple species)

Geographically diverse

Spread by sandfly bite

Disease presented in 3 ways: visceral/cutaneous/mucosal

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11
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Due to toxoplasma gondii

Mostly passed to human by CAT faeces /uncooked meat/contaminated water

Esp dangerous for pregnant ppl who get it first time in 1st trimester - kid will get severe abnormalities

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12
Q

Malaria

A

Plasmodium is no. 1 most deadly parasite

About 1-2 million ppl die each yr -most r kids under 5

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13
Q

Notes for parasitic diseases stuff

A

No vaccine for any human parasite

Prevention is key

Most occur in tropical/subtropical regions of world eg africa

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14
Q

Giardiasis

A

Disease due to protozoa (giardia lamblia)

Diarrhoeal disease

One of the most common waterborne disease

Simple life cycle

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15
Q

Viral pathogenesis

A

Process where viral infection leads to disease

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16
Q

Viraemia

A

Medical condition where viruses enter bloodstream n hav access to rest of body

Primary = initial spread of virus in blood from first site of infection

Secondary= primary viraemia + infection of other tissues via bloodstream

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17
Q

Tissue tropism

A

Wen virus prefer a particular tissue to infect n replicate

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18
Q

Antiviral agents

‘Like antibiotics ecept biotics KILL BAC where as here we STOP DEVELOPMENT of VIRUS

A

Stuff that inhibit development of viruses

Eg nucleoside analogues
Interferons
Inhibition of coatin wit adamantanamin amantadine)

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19
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Involves antibodies in body fluids + b lymphocytes

No direct contact bw immune cells n pathogen

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20
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Direct contact bw immune cells n pathogen

Involves t lymphocytes n macrophages

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21
Q

Leucocyte

A

Wbc

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22
Q

Lymphocyte

A

3 Types of wbc:

NK cells
T cells
B cells

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23
Q

Haemagglutinin

A

Antigens

Binds virus to cells with sialic acid on membrane n
Allows viral genome to enter via fusion of host membrane with viral membrane

glycoprotein on surface of virus

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24
Q

Neuraminidase

A

Glycoprotein on surface of virus

Enzymes that hydrolyse sialic acid residues bw host cells and progeny virus

Allows virus to leave host after it infected it

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25
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Big changes - almost new strain of virus

Only Wen 2 viruses infect same cell
Get recombo of dna/rna.

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26
Q

Antigen

A

Non-self markers entering a person

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27
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

Transmission of pathogens bw people in community

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28
Q

Vertical transmission

A

From father or mother to foetus/child

Eg breast milk, saliva etc

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29
Q

Epidemic

A

Rapid rise in incidence above the normal level

Eg flu season, influenza A (H1N1)

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30
Q

Outbreak

A

Sudden or unexpected occurence of disease in a particular part of population

Eg meningococcal

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31
Q

Endemic

A

Disease there all the time at a certain level

Eg cholera

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32
Q

Pandemic

A

Epidemic gone global

Eg influenza A

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33
Q

Hyphae

A

Long fliamentous structure in fungi

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34
Q

Mycelium

A

Mass of hyphae

In fungi

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35
Q

Budding

A

Asexual replication/ reproduction in yeast

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36
Q

Pseudomycelium

A

Cells cling togez in chajns resembling small tru mycelia

Fake mycelia

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37
Q

Ergosterol

A

In cell membrane of fungi

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38
Q

Mycotoxin

A

A fungal toxin

Toxic Secondary metabolite

Moulds excrete mycotoxins

Produced by fungi growing in foods eg grains, nuts or fruits

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39
Q

Mycotoxicoses

A

Poisoning due to mycotoxins

Can be acute or chronic

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40
Q

Stachybotrys

A

Type of mold (that releases mycotoxins)

Grow on wallpaper, paper, material in buildings

Cause dermatitis, seizures etc

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41
Q

Mycosis

Pl. mycoses

A

Fungal infection of animals + humans

42
Q

Cutaneous fungal disease

A

Fungal infection in epidermis, hair, dead skin, nails

Eg tinea (aka ringworm)

43
Q

Dermatomycoses

A

Fungal infection of skin

Dermatophytes= group of fungi commonly causing skin disease

44
Q

Subcutaneous fungal infection

A

Fungal infection to dermis, subcutaneous,tissues,muscle

Eg sporotrichosis (aka rose gardener’s disease)

45
Q

Candida

A

Type of yeast

Candida albicans is part of normal flora, causes oral/vaginal thrush

Candidiasis =thrush= fungal/yeast infection by candida

Opportunistic mycoses

46
Q

Aspergillosis

A

Name given to wide range of diseases caused by Aspergillus (genus of fungi )

3 types of pulmonary aspergillosis:

  1. Allergic
  2. Agressive tissue invasion (to lungs n other organs)
  3. Fungus ball
47
Q

Polyenes

A

‘Anitbiotics’/ antimicrobial polyene compounds that target fungi

Destroy membrane structure

Eg amphotericin B
Nystatin

48
Q

Azole

A

Antifungal

Disrupt ergosterol biosynthesis

Inhibit 14 alpha-demethylase

Fungistatic

Eg fluconazole
Intraconazole

Beware: effects on hepatic n intestinal CYP450 enzymes n P-glycoprotein transporter

49
Q

Co-trimoxazole

A

Antibiotic for bacteria, fungal and protozoal infections?

50
Q

Influenza

A

Viral infection of lungs

51
Q

Orthomyxovirus

A

Family of RNA viruses

Influenza A and B cause influenza

Influenza A and B has:
8 segments of RNa
Enveloped
Antigens on protein coat made of glycoprotein

52
Q

Influenza A,B,C

A

Influenza A- responsible for regular outbreaks, can cause pandemic, epidemic, flu season
Affect humans n birds n other animals

Influenza B- sporadic outbreaks of illness
Humans only

Influenza C- minor resp illness
Milder than A n B

53
Q

Influenza A virus

A

In humans: 3 subtypes of H n 2 subtypes of N r influenza viruses

In animals n birds: 16 subtypes of H n 9 subtypes of N

54
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Influenza A B n C all undergo this

Small genetic changes ( eg pnt mutation) causing tiny changes in H or N proteins

55
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Sudden appearance of different H subtype

Eg wen 1 virus from bird n 1 from human both infect pig - inside pig rearrangement of genetic stuff = WE’RE ALL DEAD

May or may not have change in S subtype too

New surface antigens = no recognition by immune response

= can lead to pandemic

56
Q

Swine influenza A (h1n1)

A

Incubation period 1-2 days

Virus can survive on hard, non porous surfaces for 24-48 hrs
N
Cloth, paper, tissues for 8-12 hrs
N
On hands for 5 mins
57
Q

Haemopoietic ‘niche’ cells

A

Mesenchymal cells
Nerve cells
Osteoblasts

58
Q

Self renewal

A

HSC (haematopoietic stem cells) r self renewing: wen they proliferate, at least some of the daughter cells remain as HSC, so pool of stem cells doesnt become depleted

59
Q

Potency

A

Capacity to differentiate into specialised cell types

60
Q

Totipotent stem cells

A

Can produce all cell types

Only zygote+ early dividing blastomeres( up until 8 cell stage ie 2 and a bit days) + extraembryonic tissue (eg part of placenta) r truly totipotent

61
Q

Pluripotent

A

Differentiate into cells derived from 3 germ cell layers

62
Q

Multipotent

A

Can produce cells of closely related family of cells

Eg HSC cells

63
Q

Unipotent

A

Only produce 1 type of cell

but have property of self renewal wich distinguishes them from non stem cells

64
Q

Transgene

A

Gene/genetic material transferred from one organism to another

65
Q

Unconditional KO (knock out)

A

Gene deleted in all tissues

66
Q

Targeted KO (knock out)

A

gene deleted only in specific tissues (eg only in heart, brain ) n at different times ( eg at birth, only after a certain age)

67
Q

Stem cell plasticity

A

One type of cell can develop into a cell from a different lineage
Eg bone marrow stem cell and can develop into heart cells

68
Q

Transdifferentiation

A

Direct conversion of one differentiated cell type/stem cell to another

Eg haematopoietic stem cell becomes neuronal stem cell
RBC becomes neuron ( though this is less likely)

69
Q

Induced Pluripotent stem cells ( iPS)

A

Take ANY adult cell
Put in four genes
And they turn into pluripotent stem cells!!!

70
Q

Composition of blood

A

55% plasma

Formed elements:
45% RBC (erythrocytes)
Less than 1% = buffy coat: leucocyte + platelets

71
Q

Haematocrit

A

% of volume of RBC in total volume of blood

Should b around 40 something %

72
Q

Blood cell formation daily

A

Red cells = 2 x 10^11

White cells = 1 x 10^10

73
Q

Hemopoietic development dogma

A

PROLIFERATION & DIFFERENTIATION

The more immature the cell, the more it can proliferate

The more differentiated a cell, the less they can proliferate

So if want to get 10 million WBC a day, must start with a lot of HSCs

74
Q

Multipotent progenitors (MPP)

A

‘Committed’ cells

Can form myeloid and lymphoid precursors

75
Q

Common Myeloid Precursor (CMP)

A

Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor( which gives rise to megakaryocytes n erythrocytes)

Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor

76
Q

Common lymphoid precursor (CLP)

A

B T n NK cells

77
Q

Bipotential progenitors

A

B-lymphoid/macrophage n

T-lymphoid/myeloid

78
Q

Long term repopulating cells (LTRC)

A

Able to produce all blood cell types for the entire life span

79
Q

Colony forming cells (CFC)

A

Cells that r alive in culture dish

80
Q

LTC-IC

A

Long-term culture initiating cells

81
Q

ELTC-IC

A

Extended long-term culture initiating cells

82
Q

In vitro assays

A

Done on plate/dish

83
Q

In vivo assays

A

Done in whole organism

Eg mice

84
Q

Short term RC (repopulating cells)

A

Stem cells that make myeloid n/or lymphoid compartments for a short period of time

85
Q

CD34+

A

Surface antigen that stem cells have

Select for cells with these in stem cells assays to find stem cell

86
Q

Haemopoiesis in embryo

Where

A

1 mnth: yolk sac then moves to AGM
(Site that will grow Aorta, gonads-testes n ovaries, kidneys)

3 mnths: move to foetal liver n spleen

5 mnths: move to bone marrow cavities

87
Q

Stoichastic

A

Concept that stem cell has random commitment to particular lineage

  • unlikely
88
Q

Instructive

A

Concept that some mechanism in the stem cells tells it which cell it is to become
More likely cos eg get infection, we need more WBC
Done via cell to cell contact wit adjacent cell or signals eg growth factors
Or transcription factors

89
Q

Colony stimulating factors

A

‘Growth factors’ to make colonies of n differentiate cells

Bind to receptors on HSC

Can b specific for a particular lineage ir can influence many lineages

90
Q

120 days

A

Days RBC lives for

91
Q

Death of RBC

A

Lysis in spleen

Separate heme from globin
Get iron from heme - 99% of iron in our bodies get from here!!

Get aa from globin (n we reuse aa)

92
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Makin RBC 2.5 million RBCs/second

5 cells 
Start wit proerythroblast
Erythroblast 
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
End wit erythrocyte

Nucleus shrinks, more pink colour as get more haemoglobin

Negative feedbak mechanisms

Driven by erythropoietin ( EPO hormone made from kidneys )

93
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Leucocyte production

B n T progenitors
Granulocyte - macrophage colony forming units

94
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Myeloblast differentiates to
1 basophil
2 neutrophil
3 eosinophil

95
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Platelet production

Megakaryocyte stays in bone marrow
Stimulated by thrombopoietin to form cytoplasmic extensions
Wich form platelets n r released into blood

96
Q

Megakaryopoiesis

A

Making megakaryocytes

Nuclues keeps on multiplying so get like 64n, 128n etc the more N, the more platelets can get

Regulated by thrombopoietin (TPO)
Stem cell factor
Interleukin-6

97
Q

Monocytopoiesis

A

Making monocytes

Monocytes can make macrophages n osteoclasts

Regulated by
M-CSF
IL-3
GM-CSF

98
Q

Thermal dimorphism

A

Fungi that
At a certain temp, has different morphology eg filamentous
But at another temp, in another form

99
Q

Antimycotics

A

Antifungal drug used to treat n prevent mycoses

Targets:
Fungal cell membrane 
Cell wall
DNA synthesis 
Cell division
100
Q

Protists

A

Incl protozoa
Algae
Slime moulds
(Apicomplexa)

Can be unicellular or multicellular

Med 1011 (12 decks)

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