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PIMS Pathology II > Week 7 Neurological & Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Week 7 Neurological & Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

____ carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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2
Q

____ carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to glandular and epithelial tissue

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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3
Q

____ conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

A

interneurons

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4
Q

____ support neurons

A

glia

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5
Q

parts of the brainstem (3)

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

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6
Q

parts of the diencephalon (3)

A

hypothalamus
thalamus
pineal gland

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7
Q

tough, fluid-cushioned set of membranes that safeguard nervous system organs

A

meninges

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8
Q

tough outer layer that lines the cranium and vertebral column

A

dura mater

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9
Q

innermost membrane covering the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

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10
Q

membrane between the dura mater and the pia mater that resembles a cobweb

A

arachnoid mater

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11
Q

an infection of the cerebrospinal fluid, usually caused by a virus or a bacterium

A

meningitis

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12
Q

excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain caused by a lack of drainage or absorption

A

hydrocephalus

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13
Q

inflammation of the brain; technically refers to an infection of the brain caused by a virus

A

encephalitis

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14
Q

type of encephalitis where a virus invades the brain directly

A

primary encephalitis

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15
Q

type of encephalitis where a virus infects another part of the body first

A

secondary encephalitis

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16
Q

meningitis can be contagious (T/F)

A

true

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17
Q

inflammation of the spinal cord; result of infection, necrosis, or demyelination of the spinal cord

A

myelitis

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18
Q

demyelination of the spinal cord

A

transverse myelitis

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19
Q

inflammation of a nerve or nerves; may be caused by trauma, infection, or poisoning

A

neuritis

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20
Q

recurrent degenerative disorder of the nervous system resulting in seizures

A

epilepsy

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21
Q

repetitive electrical discharges within the brain

A

seizure

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22
Q

type of seizure characterized by incontinence, uncontrolled contraction of muscles, loss of consciousness

A

grand mal

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23
Q

type of seizure where an individual ceases activity for a few seconds

A

petite mal

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24
Q

infection of the nervous system caused by the rabies virus

A

rabies (hydrophobia)

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25
Q

rabies can cause paralysis and can be fatal (T/F)

A

true

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26
Q

autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system; lymphocytes degrade the myelin sheath of the nerves

A

multiple sclerosis

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27
Q

the average lifespan with multiple sclerosis is approximately 10 years (T/F)

A

false (average lifespan is 30+ years)

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28
Q

chronic nervous disease characterized by a slowly spreading tremor, muscular weakness and rigidity, and a peculiar gait

A

Parkinson’s disease

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29
Q

Parkinson’s disease results in diminished levels of ____ which causes a tremor

A

dopamine

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30
Q

an expressionless face, speech issues, a bowed head, forward bend to the body, and thumbs turned inward are indications of ____

A

Parkinson’s disease

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31
Q

common form of dementia that involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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32
Q

condition of deteriorated mental ability accompanied by emotional instability

33
Q

confusion or disorientation that increases in the afternoon or evening

A

sundowning

34
Q

____ is characterized by amyloid degeneration, neurofibrillary tangles, and degeneration of nerve cells in the brain

A

Alzheimer’s disease

35
Q

rare, degenerative brain disorder with no known cure (fatal in 90% of cases within one year), treatment, or diagnostic test; may be sporadic, hereditary, or acquired; progresses from memory loss and behavioral changes to mental deterioration, involuntary movements, blindness, and coma

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

36
Q

a group of chronic disorders characterized by the impairment of control over movement (difficulty with fine motor tasks, balance, and control of voluntary movements), usually present within the first few years of life (by age 3)

A

cerebral palsy

37
Q

cerebral palsy is progressive over time and fatal (T/F)

A

false (not progressive or fatal)

38
Q

stroke that lasts only a few minutes; occurs because blood flow to the brain is interrupted; symptoms usually only last about an hour

A

transient ischemic attack

39
Q

a blood vessel bursting within the brain; symptoms and effects depend on which vessel has ruptured

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

40
Q

another name for stroke

41
Q

the immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function as a result of trauma; no permanent injury except potential for memory loss surrounding the traumatic event

A

concussion

42
Q

a bruise on the surface of the brain often accompanied with swelling; can lead to extravasation of blood

43
Q

the area of a brain contusion indicates the site of the blunt force trauma (T/F)

A

false (does not necessarily indicate site of injury)

44
Q

bleeding between the dura mater and the skull

A

extradural / epidural hemorrhage

45
Q

bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

A

subdural hematoma

46
Q

bleeding between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane

A

subarachnoid hematoma

47
Q

____ glands secrete products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity

48
Q

____ glands do not have ducts and diffuse hormones directly into the blood

49
Q

a substance secreted by an endocrine gland

50
Q

“master gland” that tells other glands to release hormones

A

pituitary gland

51
Q

structure in the brain which controls the hormone system

A

hypothalamus

52
Q

endocrine gland which regulates metabolism, growth, and development

A

thyroid gland

53
Q

endocrine gland which regulates calcium

A

parathyroid gland

54
Q

endocrine gland which regulates metabolism, the immune system, blood pressure, and stress hormones

A

adrenal glands

55
Q

endocrine gland which regulates blood glucose levels

A

pancreatic islets

56
Q

endocrine gland which regulates development of T lymphocytes (immune response)

A

thymus gland

57
Q

endocrine gland which regulates sleep cycles

A

pineal gland

58
Q

metabolic disorder in which carbohydrates that break down into sugars in the digestive system are not digested effectively because of a lack of appropriate insulin production in the pancreatic islets

A

diabetes mellitus

59
Q

condition which may cause carbuncles and ulcers of the legs and feet that may lead to amputation of lower extremities, renal failure, cardiac disorders, coma, and/or death

A

diabetes mellitus

60
Q

hyperfunction of the pituitary gland after ossification has occurred, characterized by elongated bones of the extremities and certain head bones (i.e. frontal bone, jaws); caused by overproduction of human growth hormone

A

acromegaly

61
Q

endocrine condition which can cause abnormal growth of hands and feet, enlarged nose and lips, thickening of the facial tissues, thick, oily skin, and/or skin odor

A

acromegaly

62
Q

overstimulation of the pituitary gland causing abnormal growth of the body in children

A

giantism / gigantism

63
Q

underactive pituitary gland resulting in stunted growth; may also be caused by or contributed to by other conditions such as heredity, nutritional deficiencies, etc.

64
Q

condition resulting in the inability of the kidneys to release antidiuretic hormone (and conserve water), caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland

A

diabetes insipidus

65
Q

congenital hypothyroidism occurring in infants and children resulting in developmental disabilities (arrested physical and mental development, dystrophy of bones, lowered basal metabolism); can result from an iodine deficiency

66
Q

hypothyroidism in adults resulting in an infiltration of the skin by a thick, gelatinous substance formed from water and mucopolysaccharides; can result from an iodine deficiency or surgical removal of the thyroid; may result in enlargement of the tongue, thick and coarse edematous skin, puffiness of hands and feet, and dry hair

67
Q

hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune attack in which antibodies stimulate the thyroid to grow; may result in hyperplasia of the eyeballs and presence of goiters; most common in women between the ages of 25 and 40

A

Grave’s disease

68
Q

enlargement of the thyroid gland

69
Q

goiters are most common in countries that do not add iodine to their salt (T/F)

70
Q

goiters are most commonly associated with inflammation or cancer (T/F)

A

false (not associated with inflammation or cancer)

71
Q

underproduction of ____ hormone can cause numbness of extremities/mouth, muscle cramps, depression, and/or irritability

A

parathyroid (hypoparathyroidism)

72
Q

overproduction of ____ hormone can cause weakness, weight loss, fatigue, muscle atrophy, GI problems, and/or pancreatitis

A

parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism)

73
Q

disease occurring when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough cortisol or aldosterone; may be an autoimmune condition or the result of another condition

A

Addison’s disease

74
Q

results in a bronze discoloration in people of lighter complexion and white patches on skin of people with darker complexion (among other symptoms)

A

Addison’s disease

75
Q

iatrogenic disorder due to glucocorticoid hormone therapy (i.e. prednisone) resulting in excess cortisol

A

Cushing’s syndrome

76
Q

____ can result in any/all of the following: rounded face because of fat deposits; obesity in the upper body; purple stretch marks; translucent, thin skin; muscle weakness; easy bruising; destruction of bone tissue; excessive facial hair (M/F); balding (F)

A

Cushing’s syndrome

77
Q

a failure of the adrenal glands to secrete appropriate levels of corticosteroids because of bleeding within the adrenal cortex

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

78
Q

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome usually affects adults (T/F)

A

false (usually affects children)

79
Q

characterized by a septic bacterial infection with a rapidly deteriorating progression leading to cardiovascular problems (improper blood clotting and congestion of blood vessels, hemorrhaging, petechia) and eventually death

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

PIMS Pathology II (8 decks)

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