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PIMS Pathology II > Week 2 Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Disorders > Flashcards

Week 2 Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

the right atrioventricular valve is also called the ____

A

tricuspid valve

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2
Q

the left atrioventricular valve is also called the ____

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

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3
Q

5 predisposing factors for cardiovascular disorders

A

heredity, obesity, diabetes, elevated cholesterol levels, social factors (smoking, substance abuse, stress, diet)

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4
Q

smaller arteries that transfer blood to capillaries

A

arterioles

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5
Q

microscopic exchange vessels

A

capillaries

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6
Q

vessels that collect blood from the capillaries

A

venules

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7
Q

heart muscle

A

myocardium

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8
Q

membrane that surrounds the heart (visceral & parietal)

A

pericardium

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9
Q

innermost layer of the heart that lines the chambers

A

endocardium

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10
Q

the pulmonary ____ valve opens into the pulmonary artery & the aortic ____ valve opens into the aorta

A

semilunar

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11
Q

inflammation of the arteries

A

arteritis

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12
Q

____ is commonly associated with pneumonia, tuberculosis, and autoimmune diseases

A

arteritis

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13
Q

inflammatory disease of the aorta and its branches, most common in young, Asian women

A

Takayasu’s arteritis

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14
Q

arterial inflammation that often begins in the temporal artery

A

temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)

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15
Q

most common form of arteritis

A

temporal (giant cell) arteritis

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16
Q

disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls caused by the presence of large amounts of plaque

A

arteriosclerosis

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17
Q

____ occurs in the inner lining of the artery, the arterioles, or the medial layer of the arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

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18
Q

a form of arteriosclerosis marked by the deposition of lipids in the inner layer of arterial walls; begins in childhood and is a slow, complex disease

A

atherosclerosis

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19
Q

a localized dilation of a blood vessel

A

aneurysm

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20
Q

abnormal enlargement or bulging of an artery caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall

A

aneurysm

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21
Q

aneurysms always rupture and are fatal when it happens (T/F)

A

false

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22
Q

most common cerebral aneurysm is the ____

A

saccular or berry aneurysm

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23
Q

inflammatory condition of the veins of the legs in which blood clots form along the walls and valves of the veins

A

phlebitis

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24
Q

may cause ulcers in the skin that heal very slowly and can also cause hardened/thickened skin in the lower legs

A

chronic phlebitis

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25
Q

enlarged veins that are close to the skin’s surface, common in the legs and feet

A

varicose veins

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26
Q

____ are caused by excessive venous pressure that causes the veins to become deformed

A

varicose veins

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27
Q

heart or chamber of the heart increases in size due to a stretching of the muscle fibers in the walls of the chamber; happens when the chamber(s) are routinely overfilled with blood

A

cardiac dilatation (dilation)

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28
Q

cardiac dilatation can cause damage to the ____ and/or ____

A

septum; heart valves

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29
Q

an increase in the size of the heart or a chamber of the heart due to an increase in the size of the muscle fibers

A

cardiac hypertrophy

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30
Q

initially a positive, adaptive response to an increased cardiac workload, but long term effects are detrimental

A

cardiac hypertrophy

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31
Q

cardiac oxygen demands increase as the cells increase in size; may increase due to ____ or ____ reasons

A

natural; pathological

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32
Q

____ in the diseased heart do not increase in size to respond to the increase in the size of the heart

A

capillary beds

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33
Q

inflammation of the inside lining of the heart (may include heart valves or cardiac septum)

A

endocarditis

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34
Q

endocarditis commonly spreads to the ____

A

kidneys

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35
Q

____ may occur when the lining of the heart is damaged from blood clots, an infection after an artificial heart valve implantation, or due to intravenous drug use

A

endocarditis

36
Q

inflammation of the pericardial sac or the area between the two layers of the pericardium; common causes are infection and blunt force trauma

A

pericarditis

37
Q

condition associated with pericarditis

A

cardiac tamponade

38
Q

excessive amount of fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac causing a decrease in blood pressure

A

cardiac tamponade

39
Q

inflammation of the heart muscle

A

myocarditis

40
Q

inflammation of the heart

A

carditis

41
Q

valves form improperly during fetal development

A

valvular insufficiency (incompetence)

42
Q

narrowing of the valvular orifice

A

valvular stenosis (stricture)

43
Q

heart valve becomes stretched out of shape and cannot close properly

A

valvular prolapse

44
Q

infectious disease associated with rheumatic fever that causes damage to the heart valve(s)

A

rheumatic heart disease

45
Q

rheumatic heart disease commonly causes damage to the ____ valve

A

mitral

46
Q

a mass of undissolved matter present in the bloodstream

A

embolus

47
Q

sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris

A

embolism

48
Q

a blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel or a cavity of the heart

A

thrombus

49
Q

the formation or presence of an attached blood clot

A

thrombosis

50
Q

narrowing of the lumen of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis

A

coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease)

51
Q

formation of an area of necrosis caused by an obstruction in the coronary artery

A

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

52
Q

3 changes that contribute to severity of coronary artery disease

A

-acute plaque changes
-blood clots in the coronary artery
-spasms of the coronary artery

53
Q

chest pain

A

angina pectoris

54
Q

myocardial infarction is most commonly caused by ____

A

a blood clot in the coronary artery

55
Q

occurs when the coronary artery is entirely occluded

A

acute cardiac failure

56
Q

occurs when a portion of the coronary artery is blocked but blood can still flow to the myocardium

A

chronic cardiac failure

57
Q

high blood pressure + left ventricle hypertrophy

A

hypertensive heart disease

58
Q

hypertensive heart disease predisposes patients to ____ which can lead to ____

A

atherosclerosis; coronary artery disease

59
Q

disease of the heart muscle

A

cardiomyopathy

60
Q

primary cardiomyopathy has a known cause (T/F)

A

false (idiopathic)

61
Q

secondary cardiomyopathy has a known cause (T/F)

A

true

62
Q

cardiac disease due to excessive alcohol consumption

A

alcoholic cardiomyopathy

63
Q

enlargement of the infant cardiac septum (may lead to congestive heart failure)

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

64
Q

infection in myocardium associated with a parasite

A

parasitic cardiomyopathy

65
Q

results from a lack of flexibility of the walls of the heart chambers

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

66
Q

heart is unable to pump as much blood as the venous system is supplying

A

congestive heart failure

67
Q

cardiovascular disease can lead to a buildup of ____ which can neutralize formaldehyde

A

nitrogenous waste

68
Q

fluid formed in the tissue spaces that returns excess fluid and protein molecules to the blood

A

lymph

69
Q

largest lymphoid organ that filters blood, destroys worn out red blood cells, salvages iron from hemoglobin, and serves as a blood reservoir

A

spleen

70
Q

perform biological filtration of lymph on its way to the circulatory system, produce cells and antibodies that function in immunity

A

lymph nodes

71
Q

masses of lymphoid tissue that protects against bacteria

A

tonsils

72
Q

endocrine gland located in the mediastinum that functions in the immune system

A

thymus gland

73
Q

lymphatic system also plays a role in absorbing ____ from the intestine

A

fats

74
Q

inflammation of the tonsils

A

tonsillitis

75
Q

may begin as a sore throat or pain with swallowing but can progress into severe respiratory issues

A

tonsillitis

76
Q

inflammation of the lymph vessels

A

lymphangitis

77
Q

lymphangitis is generally due to ____ or ____

A

cellulitis; a skin abscess

78
Q

suggests that an already existing infection is getting worse or can indicate the presence of sepsis

A

lymphangitis

79
Q

associated with red streaks, pain, fever, chills, headache, and muscle aches

A

lymphangitis

80
Q

cancer of the lymphatic system

A

lymphoma

81
Q

____ lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

A

Hodgkin’s

82
Q

____ lymphoma is characterized by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells

A

Non-Hodgkin’s

83
Q

an enlargement of the spleen

A

splenomegaly

84
Q

____ can be caused by a viral/parasitic/bacterial infection, cirrhosis of the liver, inflammation of the gallbladder, cystic fibrosis, anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, or sickle cell anemia

A

splenomegaly

85
Q

enlargement of the lymph nodes

A

lymphadenopathy

86
Q

____ is commonly associated with viral infections and respiratory infections in the US; internationally with TB, typhoid fever, and fungal infections

A

lymphadenopathy

PIMS Pathology II (8 decks)

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