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Sports Psychology > Week 7 - Group Dynamics & Cohesion > Flashcards

Week 7 - Group Dynamics & Cohesion Flashcards

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1
Q

Define groups

A

“2 or more people who interact w/ one another such that each person influences + is influenced by each other person”. (Moorhead & Griffin, 1998).

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2
Q

Characteristics of a group

A

Collective ID Sense of shared purpose Structured modes of communication Personal +/or task interdependence Interpersonal interaction

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3
Q

What roles are there in group structure

A

Formal roles Informal roles

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4
Q

Formal roles

A

Coach, instructor, captain = Dictated by nature + structure of organisation.

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5
Q

Informal roles

A

Enforcer, mediator = Evolve from groups dynamics or interactions among group members.

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6
Q

What’s important for team success

A

Role clarity + role acceptance

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7
Q

When does role conflict occur

A

When role occupant doesn’t have sufficient ability, motivation, time or understanding to achieve goal

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8
Q

List the 11 informal roles

A

Comedian Spark plug Cancer Enforcer Mentor Informal leader – nonverbal Informal leader - verbal Team player Star player Malingerer Social convener

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9
Q

INFORMAL ROLES Spark plug

A

Athlete who inspires group towards a common goal

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10
Q

INFORMAL ROLES Cancer

A

Athlete who expresses -ive emotions that spread destructively throughout a team

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11
Q

INFORMAL ROLES Enforcer

A

Athlete who’s physically intimidating who’s counted on to retaliate when rough tactic are used by the opposing teams

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12
Q

INFORMAL ROLES Informal leader - non-verbal

A

Athlete who leads by example, hard work + dedication

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13
Q

INFORMAL ROLES Malingerer

A

Athlete who prolongs psych. or physical symptoms of injury for some type of external gain.

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14
Q

Define a group norm

A

Level of perf, pattern of behaviour or belief. — Can be formally/informally developed by a group.

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15
Q

What is norm for productivity

A

Standard for effort + perf. accepted by team.

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16
Q

Give a method to create +ive norms

A

Enlist formal + informal leaders of team to set +ive examples.

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17
Q

Gender differences in team norms

A

Research found that F teams had a better understanding of norms for competition, practice, + social settings than M teams (Bruner, Carreau, Wilson, & Penney, 2014).

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18
Q

Why is it that F teams have a better understanding of norms for competition, practise + social settings than M teams

A

F have demonstrated that they hold stronger perceptions for social values i.e belongingness than males. — Might have something to do w/ M playing more often in contact + collision sports where there could be fewer social norms than in ind. sports + other noncontact team sports. Applied perspective — coaches of M teams in particular should consider strategies i.e team goal setting + team building to help set appropriate team norms (Bloom & Stevens, 2002).

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19
Q

What are the theories of group development

A

Linear perspective Cyclical perspective Pendular perspective

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20
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT What are the stages in the linear perspective

A

Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning (added in 1977)

21
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT LINEAR PERSPECTIVE Explain forming

A

Familiarisation Determining ind. roles w/in group Determine groups task

22
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT LINEAR PERSPECTIVE Explain storming

A

Resistance to leader Interpersonal conflict Resistance to group methods + task

23
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT LINEAR PERSPECTIVE Explain Norming

A

Team roles developed Team norms developed Task cooperation is apparent

24
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT LINEAR PERSPECTIVE Explain Performing

A

Clearly defined roles Channeled energy towards completion of task

25
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT LINEAR PERSPECTIVE Explain Adjourning

A

Member contact ⬇️ Task is complete

26
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT CYCLIC PERSPECTIVE

A

— Emphasis is on terminal phase of group’s existence. — As groups develop, they psych. prepare for their own break-up. = Relevant to exercise groups + recreation teams that last 10-15 weeks.

27
Q

What assumptions were the linear perspective + cyclic perspective based on?

A

That groups possess an inherent static development that’s unresponsive to the demands of the env. Gersick, 1988

28
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT What are the stages in pendular perspective

A

Orientation Differentiation + conflict Resolution + cohesion Differentiation + conflict Termination

29
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT PENDULAR PERSPECTIVE Explain orientation

A

Cohesion + feelings of unity are high.

30
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT PENDULAR PERSPECTIVE Explain differentiation + conflict

A

Subdivide into smaller groups + conflicts as they compete for positions

31
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT PENDULAR PERSPECTIVE Explain resolution + cohesion

A

Cohesion ⬆️ as members share common concerns + feelings

32
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT PENDULAR PERSPECTIVE Explain differentiation + conflict

A

Unity is weakened as some are rewarded while others punished.

33
Q

THEORIES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT PENDULAR PERSPECTIVE Explain termination

A

High/low cohesion depending on team success

34
Q

How do you create an effective team climate

A

Social support Proximity Distinctiveness Fairness Similarity

35
Q

Steiners model of team performance

A

1972 Actual productivity = pot. prod - losses due to faulty group processes

36
Q

Steiners model of team performance What comes under potential productivity

A

Knowledge Ability Level of training Adequacy of equipment

37
Q

Steiners model of team performance What comes under losses due to faulty group processes

A

Motivation Co-ordination

38
Q

What does seiners model of team performance establish?

A

Teams w/ less interactions = less likely to suffer losses in productivity due to faulty processes compared to highly interactive sports. As need for cooperation ⬆️: - Importance of ind. ability ⬇️ - Importance of group processes ⬆️ Equally matched players make best team.

39
Q

What can come under explanations for group losses

A

Ringlemann effect Social loafing

40
Q

Ringlemann effect

A

Ind. perf ⬇️ as no. of ppl in group ⬆️

41
Q

Social loafing

A

Ind. w/in a group or team giving less than 100% effort due to motivation losses.

42
Q

Why does tendency to engage in social loading increase?

A

When: Ind. Output can’t be evaluated independently. Perception of task is low in meaningfulness Low Ind. personal involvement in task Comparison vs. group standards isn’t available Ind. contributing to collective effort being strangers

43
Q

Ways to reduce social loafing

A

Provide ind. with specific fb about personal + groups perf. Emphasise importance of ind. pride + unique contributions ⬆️ identifiability of ind. perf. Make each ind. feel valued Break team down into smaller units Enhance cohesiveness of group

44
Q

Define cohesion

A

“Dynamic process reflected in the tendency of a group to stick together + remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives +/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs.” (Carron, Brawley, & Widmeyer, 1998)

45
Q

What are the types of cohesion

A

Task Social

46
Q

Define task cohesion

A

Degree to which group members work together to achieve common goals + objectives

47
Q

Define social cohesion

A

Interpersonal attractions among group members

48
Q

Conceptual model for cohesion

A

Carron (1982)

49
Q

Benefits of cohesion

A

Improved perf.

⬆️ adherence

⬇️ anxiety

Higher collective efficacy

⬇️ social loafing

⬆️ satisfaction

Sports Psychology (10 decks)

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