Intro Flashcards
Define sports & exercise psychology
Scientific study of people & their behaviours in sport & exercise & the practical application of that knowledge.
(Gill, Williams & Reifsteck, 2017)
What do Sport & exercise psychologists do?
Identify principles & guidelines that professionals can use to help people participate in & benefit from sport.
Do this by examining the ABCs of psychology w/in a dynamic & ever-changing env. (Gill et al. 2017)
What are the ABCs of psychology
Affect - one’s feelings
Behaviour - one’s actions
Cognitions - one’s thoughts
What are the 2 common reasons why people study sport & exercise psychology
Understand how psychological factors affect an ind. physical perf.
Understand how sport & exercise affects a persons psychological development, health & well-being
What are the 3 primary roles in sports psychology
Conducting research
Teaching
Consulting
Research role in sports psychology
i.e. study what motivates children to be involved in youth sport.
How imagery influences proficiency in golf putting.
Clinical sport psychologists
Extensive training in psychology
Can detect & treat ind w/ emotional disorders.
Licensed by state boards to treat ind. & have received additional training.
Educational sport psychology specialists
Extensive training in sport + exercise science.
Taken advanced graduate training in psychology + counselling.
Not trained to treat ind. with emotional disorders, nor licensed psychologists.
Psychology knowledge domain
Personality
Experimental
Developmental
Clinical
Counseling
Abnormal
Psychological
Sport Science knowledge domain
Biomechanics
Exercise physiology
Motor development
Sports medicine
Motor learning and control
Sport pedagogy
Sport sociology
How many periods does the history of sport psychology fall into?
6
Period 1 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
Early years - 1893-1920
Norman Triplett
E.W. Scripture
Pierre de Coubertin
Period 1 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
Norman Triplett
Norman Triplett (psychologist from Indiana uni) + a bicycle racing enthusiast wanted to understand why cyclists rode faster when in groups or pairs rather than alone.
To test it:
Children were to reel in fishing line as fast as they could.
Period 1 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
E.W. Scripture
Yale psychologist invested in taking a more scientific data-based approach to the study of psychology.
Conducted lab studies on reaction + muscle movement times of fencers + runners.
Also how sport might develop character in participants.
Period 2 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
Development of labs + psychological testing
1921-1938
Coleman Griffith
Period 2 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
Coleman Griffith
Regarded as the father of American sport psychology.
Helped initiate 1 of the 1st coaching schools in America + wrote 2 books:
- Psychology of Coaching
- Psychology of Athletics
Corresponded w/ notre dame football coach about how best to psych teams up.
Period 3 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
Preparation for the future
1939-1965
Franklin Henry
Period 3 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
Franklin Henry
Devoted his career to the study of motor skill acquisition.
Also trained many other energetic physical educators who became uni professors + initiated systematic research programs. - Some became administrators who reshaped curriculums + developed sport + exercise science.
Ind. doing applied work during period 3 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
Dorothy Hazeltine Yates
One of 1st women in the US to practice sport psych + conduct research.
She consulted with Uni boxers - teaching them how to use relaxation + positive affirmations to manage emotions + enhance perf.
Period 4 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
Establishment of Academic Sport Psychology
1966-1977
Period 5 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
Multidisciplinary Science + practice in sport + exercise psychology
1978-1999
Period 6 of the history of sport and exercise psychology
Contemporary Sport + exercise psychology
2000-present
ISSP
Established in 1965 to promote info about sport psychology throughout the world.
Has sponsored 14 world congresses of sport psych.
What is a science
A process of learning about the world through the systematic, controlled, empirical + critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience.
What are the goals when we apply science to psychology
To describe, explain, predict + allow control of behaviour.
What are the general guidelines for scientific research?
Systematic approach to studying a q.
Control of cond.
Method is empirical
Method must be critical
General guidelines for scientific research
Explain Systematic approach to studying a q.
Involves standardising the cond.
i.e one might assess children’s self-esteem under identical cond. w/ a carefully designed measure.
General guidelines for scientific research
Explain control of cond.
Have controlled variables so they don’t influence the primary relationship.
General guidelines for scientific research
Explain method is empirical
Means based on observation
Objective evidence must support beliefs.
General guidelines for scientific research
Explain method must be critical
Means that it involves rigorous evaluation by researches + other scientist.
Helps ensure conclusions are reliable
What does a theory allow scientists to do
To organize + explain large no. of facts in a pattern that helps others understand them.
What is a theory
A set of interrelated facts presenting a systematic view of some phenomenon in order to describe, explain + predict its future occurrences.
What happens in a study?
An investigator observes pr assesses factors W/OUT changing the env. in any way.
What is the main advantage that conducting experiments has over conducting studies?
That is determines causal relationships
How does an experiment differ from a study?
Investigator manipulates the variables along w/ observing them + then examines how changes in 1 variable affects changes in others.
How is some scientific knowledge reductionistic?
Because it’s too complex to study all the variables of a situation simultaneously so the researcher may select isolated variable that are of most critical interest.
Scientific knowledge being reductionistic is one limitation, what’s another?
The overemphasis on internal validity.
A study is usually judged by how well scientists conform to the rules of scientific methodology + how systematic + controlled they were in conducting the study.
Too much emphasis on internal validity can cause scientists to overlook external validity.
What happens if a theory has no external validity
It’s internal validity doesn’t count for much.
Define professional practice knowledge
Refers to knowledge gained through experience.
How can professional practise knowledge come about
Scientific method
Systematic observation
Single case study
Shared public experience
Introspection (examining your thoughts or feelings)
Intuition (immediate understanding of knowledge in the absence of a conscious, rational process)
Strengths for scientifically derived being a source of knowledge
Highly reliable
Systematic + controlled
Objective + unbiased
Limitations for scientifically derived being a source of knowledge
Reductionistic
Conservation
Often slow to evolve
Lack of focus on external validity (practicality)
Strengths for professional practise being a source of knowledge
Holistic
Innovative
Immediate
Limitations for professional practise being a source of knowledge
Less reliable
Lack of explanations
Greater susceptibility to bias
Explain the RE-AIM model
Developed by Glasgow, Vogt + Boles (1999)
Outlines 5 factors that interact to affect knowledge transfer - suggested that researches measure the effects of their studies relative to these 5 factors.
RE-AIM model
What are the 5 factors that interact to affect knowledge transfer
Reach
Efficacy
Adoption
Implementation
Maintenance
RE-AIM model
Explain reach
Who the programme affects
Degree to which the program affects the target audience
RE-AIM model
Explain efficacy
+ive + -ive outcomes of programme
RE-AIM model
Explain adoption
Who actually uses the completed programme
RE-AIM model
Explain implementation
Assessment of whether program is delivered as specified
What is the difference between the science and the art of coaching?
Art - Recognising when + how to individualise the general principles.
Science - Focuses on use of the general principles.
What do sport + exercise psychologists with a psychophysiological orientation believe?
That the best way to study behaviour during sport is to examine the physiological processes of the brain + their influences on physical activity.
Typically assess HR, brain wave activity + muscle action pot.
Provide examples of a classic study involving psychophysiological orientation
Bio fb techniques were used to train elite marksmen to fire between Heart beats to improve accuracy.
Examining the effects of aerobic exercise on brain functioning using electroencephalograms + neuroimaging measures.
What do sport + exercise psychologists with a social-psychological orientation believe?
Assume that behaviour is determined by a complex interaction between the env. + personal makeup of the athlete.
i.e how a leaders style + strategies foster group cohesion + influence participation in an exercise program.
What do sport + exercise psychologists with a cognitive-behavioural orientation believe?
Emphasize athlete’s cognitions or thoughts + behaviours + believes that thought is central in determining behaviour.
They might develop self-report measures to assess self-confidence, anxiety, goal orientations, imagery + intrinsic motivation.
What are the AASP (Association for Applied Sport Psychology) ethical guidelines
Competence
Integrity
Professional + scientific responsibility
Respect for pps rights + dignity
Concern for welfare of others
Social responsibility
