Intro Flashcards by Holly Tomlinson

Define sports & exercise psychology

Scientific study of people & their behaviours in sport & exercise & the practical application of that knowledge.

(Gill, Williams & Reifsteck, 2017)

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What do Sport & exercise psychologists do?

Identify principles & guidelines that professionals can use to help people participate in & benefit from sport.

Do this by examining the ABCs of psychology w/in a dynamic & ever-changing env. (Gill et al. 2017)

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What are the ABCs of psychology

Affect - one’s feelings

Behaviour - one’s actions

Cognitions - one’s thoughts

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What are the 2 common reasons why people study sport & exercise psychology

Understand how psychological factors affect an ind. physical perf.

Understand how sport & exercise affects a persons psychological development, health & well-being

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What are the 3 primary roles in sports psychology

Conducting research

Teaching

Consulting

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Research role in sports psychology

i.e. study what motivates children to be involved in youth sport.

How imagery influences proficiency in golf putting.

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Clinical sport psychologists

Extensive training in psychology

Can detect & treat ind w/ emotional disorders.

Licensed by state boards to treat ind. & have received additional training.

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Educational sport psychology specialists

Extensive training in sport + exercise science.

Taken advanced graduate training in psychology + counselling.

Not trained to treat ind. with emotional disorders, nor licensed psychologists.

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Psychology knowledge domain

Personality

Experimental

Developmental

Clinical

Counseling

Abnormal

Psychological

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Sport Science knowledge domain

Biomechanics

Exercise physiology

Motor development

Sports medicine

Motor learning and control

Sport pedagogy

Sport sociology

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How many periods does the history of sport psychology fall into?

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Period 1 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Early years - 1893-1920

Norman Triplett

E.W. Scripture

Pierre de Coubertin

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Period 1 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Norman Triplett

Norman Triplett (psychologist from Indiana uni) + a bicycle racing enthusiast wanted to understand why cyclists rode faster when in groups or pairs rather than alone.

To test it:

Children were to reel in fishing line as fast as they could.

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Period 1 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

E.W. Scripture

Yale psychologist invested in taking a more scientific data-based approach to the study of psychology.

Conducted lab studies on reaction + muscle movement times of fencers + runners.

Also how sport might develop character in participants.

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Period 2 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Development of labs + psychological testing

1921-1938

Coleman Griffith

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Period 2 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Coleman Griffith

Regarded as the father of American sport psychology.

Helped initiate 1 of the 1st coaching schools in America + wrote 2 books:

Psychology of Coaching
Psychology of Athletics

Corresponded w/ notre dame football coach about how best to psych teams up.

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Period 3 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Preparation for the future

1939-1965

Franklin Henry

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Period 3 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Franklin Henry

Devoted his career to the study of motor skill acquisition.

Also trained many other energetic physical educators who became uni professors + initiated systematic research programs. - Some became administrators who reshaped curriculums + developed sport + exercise science.

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Ind. doing applied work during period 3 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Dorothy Hazeltine Yates

One of 1st women in the US to practice sport psych + conduct research.

She consulted with Uni boxers - teaching them how to use relaxation + positive affirmations to manage emotions + enhance perf.

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Period 4 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Establishment of Academic Sport Psychology

1966-1977

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Period 5 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Multidisciplinary Science + practice in sport + exercise psychology

1978-1999

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Period 6 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Contemporary Sport + exercise psychology

2000-present

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ISSP

Established in 1965 to promote info about sport psychology throughout the world.

Has sponsored 14 world congresses of sport psych.

What is a science

A process of learning about the world through the systematic, controlled, empirical + critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience.

What are the goals when we apply science to psychology

To describe, explain, predict + allow control of behaviour.

What are the general guidelines for scientific research?

Systematic approach to studying a q. Control of cond. Method is empirical Method must be critical

General guidelines for scientific research Explain Systematic approach to studying a q.

Involves standardising the cond. i.e one might assess children's self-esteem under identical cond. w/ a carefully designed measure.

General guidelines for scientific research Explain control of cond.

Have controlled variables so they don't influence the primary relationship.

General guidelines for scientific research Explain method is empirical

Means based on observation Objective evidence must support beliefs.

General guidelines for scientific research Explain method must be critical

Means that it involves rigorous evaluation by researches + other scientist. Helps ensure conclusions are reliable

What does a theory allow scientists to do

To organize + explain large no. of facts in a pattern that helps others understand them.

What is a theory

A set of interrelated facts presenting a systematic view of some phenomenon in order to describe, explain + predict its future occurrences.

What happens in a study?

An investigator observes pr assesses factors W/OUT changing the env. in any way.

What is the main advantage that conducting experiments has over conducting studies?

That is determines causal relationships

How does an experiment differ from a study?

Investigator manipulates the variables along w/ observing them + then examines how changes in 1 variable affects changes in others.

How is some scientific knowledge reductionistic?

Because it's too complex to study all the variables of a situation simultaneously so the researcher may select isolated variable that are of most critical interest.

Scientific knowledge being reductionistic is one limitation, what's another?

The overemphasis on internal validity. A study is usually judged by how well scientists conform to the rules of scientific methodology + how systematic + controlled they were in conducting the study. Too much emphasis on internal validity can cause scientists to overlook external validity.

What happens if a theory has no external validity

It's internal validity doesn't count for much.

Define professional practice knowledge

Refers to knowledge gained through experience.

How can professional practise knowledge come about

Scientific method Systematic observation Single case study Shared public experience Introspection (examining your thoughts or feelings) Intuition (immediate understanding of knowledge in the absence of a conscious, rational process)

Strengths for scientifically derived being a source of knowledge

Highly reliable Systematic + controlled Objective + unbiased

Limitations for scientifically derived being a source of knowledge

Reductionistic Conservation Often slow to evolve Lack of focus on external validity (practicality)

Strengths for professional practise being a source of knowledge

Holistic Innovative Immediate

Limitations for professional practise being a source of knowledge

Less reliable Lack of explanations Greater susceptibility to bias

Explain the RE-AIM model

Developed by Glasgow, Vogt + Boles (1999) Outlines 5 factors that interact to affect knowledge transfer - suggested that researches measure the effects of their studies relative to these 5 factors.

RE-AIM model What are the 5 factors that interact to affect knowledge transfer

Reach Efficacy Adoption Implementation Maintenance

RE-AIM model Explain reach

Who the programme affects Degree to which the program affects the target audience

RE-AIM model Explain efficacy

+ive + -ive outcomes of programme

RE-AIM model Explain adoption

Who actually uses the completed programme

RE-AIM model Explain implementation

Assessment of whether program is delivered as specified

What is the difference between the science and the art of coaching?

Art - Recognising when + how to individualise the general principles. Science - Focuses on use of the general principles.

What do sport + exercise psychologists with a psychophysiological orientation believe?

That the best way to study behaviour during sport is to examine the physiological processes of the brain + their influences on physical activity. Typically assess HR, brain wave activity + muscle action pot.

Provide examples of a classic study involving psychophysiological orientation

Bio fb techniques were used to train elite marksmen to fire between Heart beats to improve accuracy. Examining the effects of aerobic exercise on brain functioning using electroencephalograms + neuroimaging measures.

What do sport + exercise psychologists with a social-psychological orientation believe?

Assume that behaviour is determined by a complex interaction between the env. + personal makeup of the athlete. i.e how a leaders style + strategies foster group cohesion + influence participation in an exercise program.

What do sport + exercise psychologists with a cognitive-behavioural orientation believe?

Emphasize athlete's cognitions or thoughts + behaviours + believes that thought is central in determining behaviour. They might develop self-report measures to assess self-confidence, anxiety, goal orientations, imagery + intrinsic motivation.

What are the AASP (Association for Applied Sport Psychology) ethical guidelines

Competence Integrity Professional + scientific responsibility Respect for pps rights + dignity Concern for welfare of others Social responsibility