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Sports Psychology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

Define sports & exercise psychology

A

Scientific study of people & their behaviours in sport & exercise & the practical application of that knowledge.

(Gill, Williams & Reifsteck, 2017)

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2
Q

What do Sport & exercise psychologists do?

A

Identify principles & guidelines that professionals can use to help people participate in & benefit from sport.

Do this by examining the ABCs of psychology w/in a dynamic & ever-changing env. (Gill et al. 2017)

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3
Q

What are the ABCs of psychology

A

Affect - one’s feelings

Behaviour - one’s actions

Cognitions - one’s thoughts

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4
Q

What are the 2 common reasons why people study sport & exercise psychology

A

Understand how psychological factors affect an ind. physical perf.

Understand how sport & exercise affects a persons psychological development, health & well-being

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5
Q

What are the 3 primary roles in sports psychology

A

Conducting research

Teaching

Consulting

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6
Q

Research role in sports psychology

A

i.e. study what motivates children to be involved in youth sport.

How imagery influences proficiency in golf putting.

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7
Q

Clinical sport psychologists

A

Extensive training in psychology

Can detect & treat ind w/ emotional disorders.

Licensed by state boards to treat ind. & have received additional training.

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8
Q

Educational sport psychology specialists

A

Extensive training in sport + exercise science.

Taken advanced graduate training in psychology + counselling.

Not trained to treat ind. with emotional disorders, nor licensed psychologists.

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9
Q

Psychology knowledge domain

A

Personality

Experimental

Developmental

Clinical

Counseling

Abnormal

Psychological

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10
Q

Sport Science knowledge domain

A

Biomechanics

Exercise physiology

Motor development

Sports medicine

Motor learning and control

Sport pedagogy

Sport sociology

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11
Q

How many periods does the history of sport psychology fall into?

A

6

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12
Q

Period 1 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

A

Early years - 1893-1920

Norman Triplett

E.W. Scripture

Pierre de Coubertin

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13
Q

Period 1 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Norman Triplett

A

Norman Triplett (psychologist from Indiana uni) + a bicycle racing enthusiast wanted to understand why cyclists rode faster when in groups or pairs rather than alone.

To test it:

Children were to reel in fishing line as fast as they could.

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14
Q

Period 1 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

E.W. Scripture

A

Yale psychologist invested in taking a more scientific data-based approach to the study of psychology.

Conducted lab studies on reaction + muscle movement times of fencers + runners.

Also how sport might develop character in participants.

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15
Q

Period 2 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

A

Development of labs + psychological testing

1921-1938

Coleman Griffith

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16
Q

Period 2 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Coleman Griffith

A

Regarded as the father of American sport psychology.

Helped initiate 1 of the 1st coaching schools in America + wrote 2 books:

  1. Psychology of Coaching
  2. Psychology of Athletics

Corresponded w/ notre dame football coach about how best to psych teams up.

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17
Q

Period 3 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

A

Preparation for the future

1939-1965

Franklin Henry

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18
Q

Period 3 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

Franklin Henry

A

Devoted his career to the study of motor skill acquisition.

Also trained many other energetic physical educators who became uni professors + initiated systematic research programs. - Some became administrators who reshaped curriculums + developed sport + exercise science.

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19
Q

Ind. doing applied work during period 3 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

A

Dorothy Hazeltine Yates

One of 1st women in the US to practice sport psych + conduct research.

She consulted with Uni boxers - teaching them how to use relaxation + positive affirmations to manage emotions + enhance perf.

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20
Q

Period 4 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

A

Establishment of Academic Sport Psychology

1966-1977

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21
Q

Period 5 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

A

Multidisciplinary Science + practice in sport + exercise psychology

1978-1999

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22
Q

Period 6 of the history of sport and exercise psychology

A

Contemporary Sport + exercise psychology

2000-present

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23
Q

ISSP

A

Established in 1965 to promote info about sport psychology throughout the world.

Has sponsored 14 world congresses of sport psych.

24
Q

What is a science

A

A process of learning about the world through the systematic, controlled, empirical + critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience.

25
Q

What are the goals when we apply science to psychology

A

To describe, explain, predict + allow control of behaviour.

26
Q

What are the general guidelines for scientific research?

A

Systematic approach to studying a q.

Control of cond.

Method is empirical

Method must be critical

27
Q

General guidelines for scientific research

Explain Systematic approach to studying a q.

A

Involves standardising the cond.

i.e one might assess children’s self-esteem under identical cond. w/ a carefully designed measure.

28
Q

General guidelines for scientific research

Explain control of cond.

A

Have controlled variables so they don’t influence the primary relationship.

29
Q

General guidelines for scientific research

Explain method is empirical

A

Means based on observation

Objective evidence must support beliefs.

30
Q

General guidelines for scientific research

Explain method must be critical

A

Means that it involves rigorous evaluation by researches + other scientist.

Helps ensure conclusions are reliable

31
Q

What does a theory allow scientists to do

A

To organize + explain large no. of facts in a pattern that helps others understand them.

32
Q

What is a theory

A

A set of interrelated facts presenting a systematic view of some phenomenon in order to describe, explain + predict its future occurrences.

33
Q

What happens in a study?

A

An investigator observes pr assesses factors W/OUT changing the env. in any way.

34
Q

What is the main advantage that conducting experiments has over conducting studies?

A

That is determines causal relationships

35
Q

How does an experiment differ from a study?

A

Investigator manipulates the variables along w/ observing them + then examines how changes in 1 variable affects changes in others.

36
Q

How is some scientific knowledge reductionistic?

A

Because it’s too complex to study all the variables of a situation simultaneously so the researcher may select isolated variable that are of most critical interest.

37
Q

Scientific knowledge being reductionistic is one limitation, what’s another?

A

The overemphasis on internal validity.

A study is usually judged by how well scientists conform to the rules of scientific methodology + how systematic + controlled they were in conducting the study.

Too much emphasis on internal validity can cause scientists to overlook external validity.

38
Q

What happens if a theory has no external validity

A

It’s internal validity doesn’t count for much.

39
Q

Define professional practice knowledge

A

Refers to knowledge gained through experience.

40
Q

How can professional practise knowledge come about

A

Scientific method

Systematic observation

Single case study

Shared public experience

Introspection (examining your thoughts or feelings)

Intuition (immediate understanding of knowledge in the absence of a conscious, rational process)

41
Q

Strengths for scientifically derived being a source of knowledge

A

Highly reliable

Systematic + controlled

Objective + unbiased

42
Q

Limitations for scientifically derived being a source of knowledge

A

Reductionistic

Conservation

Often slow to evolve

Lack of focus on external validity (practicality)

43
Q

Strengths for professional practise being a source of knowledge

A

Holistic

Innovative

Immediate

44
Q

Limitations for professional practise being a source of knowledge

A

Less reliable

Lack of explanations

Greater susceptibility to bias

45
Q

Explain the RE-AIM model

A

Developed by Glasgow, Vogt + Boles (1999)

Outlines 5 factors that interact to affect knowledge transfer - suggested that researches measure the effects of their studies relative to these 5 factors.

46
Q

RE-AIM model

What are the 5 factors that interact to affect knowledge transfer

A

Reach

Efficacy

Adoption

Implementation

Maintenance

47
Q

RE-AIM model

Explain reach

A

Who the programme affects

Degree to which the program affects the target audience

48
Q

RE-AIM model

Explain efficacy

A

+ive + -ive outcomes of programme

49
Q

RE-AIM model

Explain adoption

A

Who actually uses the completed programme

50
Q

RE-AIM model

Explain implementation

A

Assessment of whether program is delivered as specified

51
Q

What is the difference between the science and the art of coaching?

A

Art - Recognising when + how to individualise the general principles.

Science - Focuses on use of the general principles.

52
Q

What do sport + exercise psychologists with a psychophysiological orientation believe?

A

That the best way to study behaviour during sport is to examine the physiological processes of the brain + their influences on physical activity.

Typically assess HR, brain wave activity + muscle action pot.

53
Q

Provide examples of a classic study involving psychophysiological orientation

A

Bio fb techniques were used to train elite marksmen to fire between Heart beats to improve accuracy.

Examining the effects of aerobic exercise on brain functioning using electroencephalograms + neuroimaging measures.

54
Q

What do sport + exercise psychologists with a social-psychological orientation believe?

A

Assume that behaviour is determined by a complex interaction between the env. + personal makeup of the athlete.

i.e how a leaders style + strategies foster group cohesion + influence participation in an exercise program.

55
Q

What do sport + exercise psychologists with a cognitive-behavioural orientation believe?

A

Emphasize athlete’s cognitions or thoughts + behaviours + believes that thought is central in determining behaviour.

They might develop self-report measures to assess self-confidence, anxiety, goal orientations, imagery + intrinsic motivation.

56
Q

What are the AASP (Association for Applied Sport Psychology) ethical guidelines

A

Competence

Integrity

Professional + scientific responsibility

Respect for pps rights + dignity

Concern for welfare of others

Social responsibility

Sports Psychology (10 decks)

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