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Sports Psychology > Week 5 - Psych. Skills Training > Flashcards

Week 5 - Psych. Skills Training Flashcards

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1
Q

PST

A

Psych. skills training

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2
Q

What does PST refer to?

A

Systematic + consistent practise of psych. skills for the purpose of:

  • enhancing perf.
  • ⬆️ enjoyment
  • Achieving a greater sport + PA self-satisfaction.
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3
Q

What methods + tech. can be used in PST

A

Behaviour modification

Cog. Theory + therapy

Rational emotive therapy

Goal setting

Attentional control

Progressive muscle relaxation

Systematic desensitisation

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4
Q

Who formalised the earliest mental training model?

A

Avksenty Puni

Key leader in society sport psych.

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5
Q

What did the earliest mental training model by Avksenty Puni include?

A

Self regulation of arousal

Confidence

Attentional focusing

Distraction control

Goal Setting

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6
Q

What do most coaches consider sport to be mental % wise when competing vs. opponents of similar ability

A

at least 50% mental

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7
Q

Mental toughness - Jones + colleagues

A

2002

Took a qualitative approach to provide 1st empirical data of what makes up mental toughness:

Constructs of motivation
Dealing w. Pressure
Confidence
Concentration

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8
Q

Mental toughness - Jones, Hanton + Connaughton

A

2007

Found that the factors making up mental toughness were employed before, during + after comp.

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9
Q

Mental toughness - Clough, Earle + Sewell

A

2002

Hypothesised 4 critical constructs in their 4C model to define mental toughness.

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10
Q

What were the 4 critical constructs in Clough, Earle + Sewells 4C model?

A

Control - Handling many things at once

Commitment - Being deeply involved w. pursuing goals despite difficulties

Challenge - Perceiving potential threats as opp. for personal growth + thriving in const. changing env.

Confidence - Maintaining belief in the self despite setbacks.

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11
Q

Some researchers have found that athletes attribute their mental toughness to factors that are generally “caught”.

What is meant by this and what do they include

A

Not done deliberately to build mental toughness.

Sibling rivalries
Supportive parents 
Coach expectations 
Motivational training environment 
Teammate encouragement 
Tough practises 
Coping w. Failure
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12
Q

Other researchers focused on what coaches usually do to enhance mental toughness (i.e mental toughness is deliberately taught).

List some of the techniques to do this

A

Creating a +ive motivational practice env. + intense comp. practices

Creating simulation (pressure)

Setting specific goals

Providing instructional + supportive fb

Building confidence through rigorous physical prep + cond.

Enhancing attentional control through self-statements

Making appropriate attributions for success + failure.

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13
Q

Who developed a behavioural coaching framework for the development of mental toughness?

A

Anthony, Gordon, Gucciardi + Dawson (2017)

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14
Q

Behavioural coaching framework for the development of mental toughness - Anthony, Gordon, Gucciardi + Dawson (2017)

A

Focuses on mentally tough behaviours + presents a program to help coaches ID + develop these mentally tough behaviours.

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15
Q

What type of attributes do athletes who are perceived as mentally tough exhibit?

A

+ive attributes such as confidence, self-motivation, optimism + focused conc.

However their mental toughness can also cause them play w. Injury + pain to avoid being seen as weak.

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16
Q

Why do participants neglect PST

A

Lack of knowledge

Misunderstandings about psych. skills

Lack of time

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17
Q

Myths about PST

A

PST is for “problem” athletes only

For Elite training only

Provides “QUICK FIX” solutions

Isn’t useful

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18
Q

What are the 2 main sources of the PST knowledge base?

A

Research studies conducted w/ elite athletes

Experience of coaches + athletes

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19
Q

How can you learn about the effectiveness of PST

A

In well-controlled, outcome-based intervention studies conducted in comp. env.

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20
Q

What are the 3 phases of PST programmes?

A

Education phase

Acquisition phase

Practise phase

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21
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Education phase

A

Participants quickly learn how important it is to acquire psych. skills + how skills affect perf.

Do this by asking participants how important they think mental side of sport perf. is.

Next Q = How often do you practise developing mental skills compared w/ practising physical skills?

Next = Explain how psych. Skills can be learned.

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22
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Education phase

How long can this last?

A

May last for 1 - several hours over the course of a few days.

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23
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Education phase

Ken Ravizza

A

2001

Emphasises that the important part of the education phase involves ⬆️ athlete awareness of the role that mental skills play in perf.

Does this by having athletes regularly use a traffic light analogy to think about their perf.

24
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Education phase

Ken Ravizza

What is the traffic light analogy

A

Green = performing well + functions w/out a lot of awareness (automatic pilot)

Yellow = Struggling + needs to beware of destructive thoughts + how they can interfere w/ perf.

Red = Perf. Very badly.

25
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Acquisition phase

A

Focuses on strategies + techniques for learning the various psych skills.

For the development of arousal regulation skills, formal meetings might focus on replacing -ive self-statement that surface under the stressful competitive cond. w/ +ive coping statements

26
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Practise phase

What are the 3 objectives

A

To automate skills through overleaping

To teach people to systematically integrate psych. Skills into their perf.

Stimulate skills people will want to apply in actual comp.

27
Q

How would you develop skills in arousal regulation?

A

Athlete would begin practise phase after becoming proficient in relaxation + cog. coping skills.

Could guide athlete through an imagined comp. situation req. relaxation + coping skills.

28
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Practise phase

What might be helpful for an athlete to do in this phase to record the freq. + perceived effectiveness of arousal control strategies used in practice + comp?

A

To keep a logbook

29
Q

What does a log book help to do

A

Systematically chart progress + provides +ive fb for areas of improvement

30
Q

Self-Regulation: The Ultimate Goal of PST

A

To have athletes effectively function on their own w/out needing constant direction from a coach or sport psychologist.

Should be able to self-regulate their internal functioning in desired manner + successfully adapt to changes in the world around her.

31
Q

Define self-regulation

A

Ability to work towards ST + LT goals by effectively monitoring + managing ones thoughts, feelings + behaviours.

32
Q

Who developed a 5 stage model of athlete self-regulation

A

Kirschenbaum (1984)

33
Q

What was stage 1 of Kirschenbaum’s model of athlete self-regulation?

A

Problem ID:

Determine that change is possible + desirable + take responsibility for its solution.

34
Q

What was stage 2 of Kirschenbaum’s model of athlete self-regulation?

A

Commitment:

Commitment to change + deal w/ obstacles

i.e need for regular practise of mental skills that will arise during the change process.

35
Q

What was stage 3 of Kirschenbaum’s model of athlete self-regulation?

A

Execution:

Primary stage of self-regulation, self-evaluation, self-monitoring…

i.e log or film games + rate anxiety levels during.

Important to sustain efforts when setbacks occur.

36
Q

What was stage 4 of Kirschenbaum’s model of athlete self-regulation?

A

Env. management:

Planning + deriving strategies for managing the social + physical env. that affects the athlete.

i.e might plan on regularly seeing the SPC + making sure to practice relaxation exercises

37
Q

What was stage 5 of Kirschenbaum’s model of athlete self-regulation?

A

Generalization:

Sustaining efforts over time + extending behaviours to new cond. + settings.

i.e use new psych. skills to help deal with academic tests.

38
Q

Who should conduct PST programmes?

A

Qualified SPC w/ certification by AASP

But sometimes an SPC sets up the program + monitors it periodically or trains coaching staff to implement it.

39
Q

Weinberg, Neff + Jurica (2012) developed a method for providing online mental training that is what?

A

Affordable

Internet based

Fully automates

Generates individualised mental training programmes

Taught by sport psychology experts

Follows best practises in mental training

Provides useful tools that enhance ind. program success.

40
Q

When’s best to implement a PST programme

A

During off-season or preseason when there’s more time to learn new skills + athletes aren’t so pressured about winning.

41
Q

How long should a PST programme be if a new skill is being learned?

A

Special 10-15 min sessions 3-5 days a week.

As athletes become more proficient they may be able to integrate mental training more w/ physical training + may need fewer special training sessions.

42
Q

How do PST programmes generally work?

A

SPCs typically start w/ group sessions to explain general principles + their philosophy, then follow up by meeting athletes ind.

43
Q

What comes under PST program development?

A

Discussing your approach

Assessing athletes mental skills

Determining which psych. skills to include

Designing a schedule

Evaluating the programme

44
Q

PST PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT

Assessing athletes mental skills

A

Oral interview + written psych. inventories can provide useful subjective + objective info.

45
Q

Who discussed the factors that sport psych. should consider before administering questionnaires + other formal assessments to athletes?

A

Beckman + Kellman (2003)

46
Q

What factors did Beckman + Kellman suggest? 2003.

A

Reliability + validity of questionnaire

Usefulness of questionnaire seen by athlete

Honesty athletes show in completing questionnaire.

47
Q

What’s recommended when assessing athletes mental skills

A

Semistructured interview, incl.:

General Qs + opp. to use athletes response to form follow-up qs.

48
Q

What are some recommendations for effective psychometric assessments that help practitioners more accurately assess athletes mental skills?

A

Test of Attentional + Interpersonal Style

Sport Anxiety Scale

Test of Performance Strategies

Trait–State Confidence Inventory

49
Q

Give examples of sport + situation specific inventories that have been developed

A

Baseball Test of Attentional + Interpersonal Style

+

the gymnastics efficacy measure.

50
Q

What are foundation skills, give examples

A

Intrapersonal resources that are the basic mental skills necessary to achieve success. Skills incl.:

  •  Achievement drive
  •  Self-awareness
  •  Productive thinking
  •  Self-confidence
51
Q

What are performance skills

A

Mental abilities critical to the execution of skills during sport perf. Skills include:

  • Energy management
  •  Attentional focus
  •  Perceptual-motor skill
52
Q

What are personal development skills

A

Mental skills that represent sig. maturational markers of personal development allowing for high-level psych. functioning through clarity of self-concept + feelings of well-being. Skills include:

  • Identity achievement
  •  Interpersonal competence
53
Q

What are team skills

A

Collective qualities of the team that are instrumental to an effective team climate + overall team success. Skills include:

  • Leadership
  •  Cohesion
  •  Team confidence
54
Q

Designing a schedule

A

Better to hold freq. short meetings than long but less freq. meetings.

1 - 2 days/ week b4 or after practise might serve as a formal meeting time for educating participants on various other psych. skills.

55
Q

What are the ethical obligations in evaluating the effectiveness of the programme

A

Provides fb for gauging program’s effectiveness + to modify program as necessary.

Allows participants to suggest changes in how program is conducted.

Only way to objectively judge whether program has achieved its goals.

56
Q

Common problems in implementing PST programmes

A

Lack of conviction

Lack of time

Lack of sport knowledge

Lack of follow-up

Sports Psychology (10 decks)

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