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Sports Psychology > Week 5 - Psych. Skills Training > Flashcards

Week 5 - Psych. Skills Training Flashcards

1
Q

PST

A

Psych. skills training

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2
Q

What does PST refer to?

A

Systematic + consistent practise of psych. skills for the purpose of:

  • enhancing perf.
  • ⬆️ enjoyment
  • Achieving a greater sport + PA self-satisfaction.
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3
Q

What methods + tech. can be used in PST

A

Behaviour modification

Cog. Theory + therapy

Rational emotive therapy

Goal setting

Attentional control

Progressive muscle relaxation

Systematic desensitisation

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4
Q

Who formalised the earliest mental training model?

A

Avksenty Puni

Key leader in society sport psych.

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5
Q

What did the earliest mental training model by Avksenty Puni include?

A

Self regulation of arousal

Confidence

Attentional focusing

Distraction control

Goal Setting

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6
Q

What do most coaches consider sport to be mental % wise when competing vs. opponents of similar ability

A

at least 50% mental

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7
Q

Mental toughness - Jones + colleagues

A

2002

Took a qualitative approach to provide 1st empirical data of what makes up mental toughness:

Constructs of motivation
Dealing w. Pressure
Confidence
Concentration

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8
Q

Mental toughness - Jones, Hanton + Connaughton

A

2007

Found that the factors making up mental toughness were employed before, during + after comp.

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9
Q

Mental toughness - Clough, Earle + Sewell

A

2002

Hypothesised 4 critical constructs in their 4C model to define mental toughness.

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10
Q

What were the 4 critical constructs in Clough, Earle + Sewells 4C model?

A

Control - Handling many things at once

Commitment - Being deeply involved w. pursuing goals despite difficulties

Challenge - Perceiving potential threats as opp. for personal growth + thriving in const. changing env.

Confidence - Maintaining belief in the self despite setbacks.

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11
Q

Some researchers have found that athletes attribute their mental toughness to factors that are generally “caught”.

What is meant by this and what do they include

A

Not done deliberately to build mental toughness.

Sibling rivalries
Supportive parents 
Coach expectations 
Motivational training environment 
Teammate encouragement 
Tough practises 
Coping w. Failure
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12
Q

Other researchers focused on what coaches usually do to enhance mental toughness (i.e mental toughness is deliberately taught).

List some of the techniques to do this

A

Creating a +ive motivational practice env. + intense comp. practices

Creating simulation (pressure)

Setting specific goals

Providing instructional + supportive fb

Building confidence through rigorous physical prep + cond.

Enhancing attentional control through self-statements

Making appropriate attributions for success + failure.

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13
Q

Who developed a behavioural coaching framework for the development of mental toughness?

A

Anthony, Gordon, Gucciardi + Dawson (2017)

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14
Q

Behavioural coaching framework for the development of mental toughness - Anthony, Gordon, Gucciardi + Dawson (2017)

A

Focuses on mentally tough behaviours + presents a program to help coaches ID + develop these mentally tough behaviours.

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15
Q

What type of attributes do athletes who are perceived as mentally tough exhibit?

A

+ive attributes such as confidence, self-motivation, optimism + focused conc.

However their mental toughness can also cause them play w. Injury + pain to avoid being seen as weak.

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16
Q

Why do participants neglect PST

A

Lack of knowledge

Misunderstandings about psych. skills

Lack of time

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17
Q

Myths about PST

A

PST is for “problem” athletes only

For Elite training only

Provides “QUICK FIX” solutions

Isn’t useful

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18
Q

What are the 2 main sources of the PST knowledge base?

A

Research studies conducted w/ elite athletes

Experience of coaches + athletes

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19
Q

How can you learn about the effectiveness of PST

A

In well-controlled, outcome-based intervention studies conducted in comp. env.

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20
Q

What are the 3 phases of PST programmes?

A

Education phase

Acquisition phase

Practise phase

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21
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Education phase

A

Participants quickly learn how important it is to acquire psych. skills + how skills affect perf.

Do this by asking participants how important they think mental side of sport perf. is.

Next Q = How often do you practise developing mental skills compared w/ practising physical skills?

Next = Explain how psych. Skills can be learned.

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22
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Education phase

How long can this last?

A

May last for 1 - several hours over the course of a few days.

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23
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Education phase

Ken Ravizza

A

2001

Emphasises that the important part of the education phase involves ⬆️ athlete awareness of the role that mental skills play in perf.

Does this by having athletes regularly use a traffic light analogy to think about their perf.

24
Q

3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES

Education phase

Ken Ravizza

What is the traffic light analogy

A

Green = performing well + functions w/out a lot of awareness (automatic pilot)

Yellow = Struggling + needs to beware of destructive thoughts + how they can interfere w/ perf.

Red = Perf. Very badly.

25
3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES Acquisition phase
Focuses on strategies + techniques for learning the various psych skills. For the development of arousal regulation skills, formal meetings might focus on replacing -ive self-statement that surface under the stressful competitive cond. w/ +ive coping statements
26
3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES Practise phase What are the 3 objectives
To automate skills through overleaping To teach people to systematically integrate psych. Skills into their perf. Stimulate skills people will want to apply in actual comp.
27
How would you develop skills in arousal regulation?
Athlete would begin practise phase after becoming proficient in relaxation + cog. coping skills. Could guide athlete through an imagined comp. situation req. relaxation + coping skills.
28
3 PHASES OF PST PROGRAMMES Practise phase What might be helpful for an athlete to do in this phase to record the freq. + perceived effectiveness of arousal control strategies used in practice + comp?
To keep a logbook
29
What does a log book help to do
Systematically chart progress + provides +ive fb for areas of improvement
30
Self-Regulation: The Ultimate Goal of PST
To have athletes effectively function on their own w/out needing constant direction from a coach or sport psychologist. Should be able to self-regulate their internal functioning in desired manner + successfully adapt to changes in the world around her.
31
Define self-regulation
Ability to work towards ST + LT goals by effectively monitoring + managing ones thoughts, feelings + behaviours.
32
Who developed a 5 stage model of athlete self-regulation
Kirschenbaum (1984)
33
What was stage 1 of Kirschenbaum's model of athlete self-regulation?
Problem ID: Determine that change is possible + desirable + take responsibility for its solution.
34
What was stage 2 of Kirschenbaum's model of athlete self-regulation?
Commitment: Commitment to change + deal w/ obstacles i.e need for regular practise of mental skills that will arise during the change process.
35
What was stage 3 of Kirschenbaum's model of athlete self-regulation?
Execution: Primary stage of self-regulation, self-evaluation, self-monitoring… i.e log or film games + rate anxiety levels during. Important to sustain efforts when setbacks occur.
36
What was stage 4 of Kirschenbaum's model of athlete self-regulation?
Env. management: Planning + deriving strategies for managing the social + physical env. that affects the athlete. i.e might plan on regularly seeing the SPC + making sure to practice relaxation exercises
37
What was stage 5 of Kirschenbaum's model of athlete self-regulation?
Generalization: Sustaining efforts over time + extending behaviours to new cond. + settings. i.e use new psych. skills to help deal with academic tests.
38
Who should conduct PST programmes?
Qualified SPC w/ certification by AASP But sometimes an SPC sets up the program + monitors it periodically or trains coaching staff to implement it.
39
Weinberg, Neff + Jurica (2012) developed a method for providing online mental training that is what?
Affordable Internet based Fully automates Generates individualised mental training programmes Taught by sport psychology experts Follows best practises in mental training Provides useful tools that enhance ind. program success.
40
When's best to implement a PST programme
During off-season or preseason when there's more time to learn new skills + athletes aren't so pressured about winning.
41
How long should a PST programme be if a new skill is being learned?
Special 10-15 min sessions 3-5 days a week. As athletes become more proficient they may be able to integrate mental training more w/ physical training + may need fewer special training sessions.
42
How do PST programmes generally work?
SPCs typically start w/ group sessions to explain general principles + their philosophy, then follow up by meeting athletes ind.
43
What comes under PST program development?
Discussing your approach Assessing athletes mental skills Determining which psych. skills to include Designing a schedule Evaluating the programme
44
PST PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT Assessing athletes mental skills
Oral interview + written psych. inventories can provide useful subjective + objective info.
45
Who discussed the factors that sport psych. should consider before administering questionnaires + other formal assessments to athletes?
Beckman + Kellman (2003)
46
What factors did Beckman + Kellman suggest? 2003.
Reliability + validity of questionnaire Usefulness of questionnaire seen by athlete Honesty athletes show in completing questionnaire.
47
What's recommended when assessing athletes mental skills
Semistructured interview, incl.: General Qs + opp. to use athletes response to form follow-up qs.
48
What are some recommendations for effective psychometric assessments that help practitioners more accurately assess athletes mental skills?
Test of Attentional + Interpersonal Style Sport Anxiety Scale Test of Performance Strategies Trait–State Confidence Inventory
49
Give examples of sport + situation specific inventories that have been developed
Baseball Test of Attentional + Interpersonal Style + the gymnastics efficacy measure.
50
What are foundation skills, give examples
Intrapersonal resources that are the basic mental skills necessary to achieve success. Skills incl.: -  Achievement drive -  Self-awareness -  Productive thinking -  Self-confidence
51
What are performance skills
Mental abilities critical to the execution of skills during sport perf. Skills include: - Energy management -  Attentional focus -  Perceptual-motor skill
52
What are personal development skills
Mental skills that represent sig. maturational markers of personal development allowing for high-level psych. functioning through clarity of self-concept + feelings of well-being. Skills include: - Identity achievement -  Interpersonal competence
53
What are team skills
Collective qualities of the team that are instrumental to an effective team climate + overall team success. Skills include: - Leadership -  Cohesion -  Team confidence
54
Designing a schedule
Better to hold freq. short meetings than long but less freq. meetings. 1 - 2 days/ week b4 or after practise might serve as a formal meeting time for educating participants on various other psych. skills.
55
What are the ethical obligations in evaluating the effectiveness of the programme
Provides fb for gauging program’s effectiveness + to modify program as necessary. Allows participants to suggest changes in how program is conducted. Only way to objectively judge whether program has achieved its goals.
56
Common problems in implementing PST programmes
Lack of conviction Lack of time Lack of sport knowledge Lack of follow-up

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