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NRSG 126 > Week # 7 circulation > Flashcards

Week # 7 circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 changes to arteries that happen when we age

A

The arteries become longer wider thicker and stiffer

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2
Q

What is the coronary sinus

A

where deoxygenated blood from the myocardium enters the right atrium

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the heart starting from superficial to deep

A

Epicardium
myocardium
Endocardium

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4
Q

Whats the function of the Epicardium

A

Anchors and protects the heart

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5
Q

what the function of the myocardium

A

(muscle of the heart)
Is what actually does the contracting

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6
Q

What is starling’s law

A

The more the ventricles fill or stretch the more forceful the contraction will be

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7
Q

What receptor is blood pressure controlled by

A

baroreceptors

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8
Q

What causes the S1 sound

A

Mitral and tricuspid valves closing

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9
Q

What causes S2 sound

A

Pulmonic and aortic (semilunar valves closing)

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10
Q

Which is the most common valve replaced

A

Aortic valve

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11
Q

What is the most common valve that is repaired

A

mitral valve

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12
Q

Which heart sound is the beginning of systole

A

S1 Lub

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13
Q

What sound is the end of systole

A

S2 Dub

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14
Q

Does heart perfusion happen in diastole or systole

A

diastole during contraction blood can not make it to the heart tissue

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15
Q

what is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary artery

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16
Q

What is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary vein

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17
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute

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18
Q

What is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood the heart ejects per contraction

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19
Q

How could you calculate cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

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20
Q

What is the hearts typical cardiac output

A

4-6 L/min

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21
Q

What is preload

A

How much the heart stretches (from blood rushing in) during Diastole

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22
Q

What is after load

A

The resistance the heart has to overcome to eject blood from the ventricle

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23
Q

what happens when preload is to high

A

Heart failure since the heart can not keep up with how much it is stretching

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24
Q

Can preload increase myocardial demand of oxygen

A

yes since when preload is higher the heart needs more oxygen to contract harder

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25
Q

Can afterload increase myocardial demand

A

Yes since the heart has to work harder to pump the heart through the body

26
Q

What are the three factors that contribute to Afterload

A

The three V’s
Vessel diamater
Valves
Viscosity of blood

27
Q

What is contractility

A

Ability of the heart to contract and the force at which it contracts

28
Q

A condition where the SA node is no longer acting as the pacemaker and which causes chaotic impulses resulting in an irregular heart beat

A

atrial fibrillation

29
Q

What is a dysrhythmia

A

Deviation from normal heart speed or rhythm so heart could be beating too slow but be regular or it could be beating at a normal rate but at an irregular rhythm

30
Q

What is Ventricular tachycardia

A

The ventricles are beating faster than they should but everything is happening in order

31
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

the ventricles ar beating totally irregularly and very serious condition since greatly reduces the efficiency of the heart the most life threatening heart dysrhythmia

32
Q

what is asystole

A

not beating at all total heart stop

33
Q

What is valve stenosis

A

when the valve tissue becomes stiff and narrow resulting in increased force to push the blood through the valve

34
Q

What is angina and what could be a treatment

A

A squeezing tight pain in the chest that is caused by lack of oxygen to the heart treatment could be nitroglycerine since it is a vasodilator

35
Q

What is an Acute Coronary syndrome and what are three examples

A

Term for a group of conditions that suddenly stop or severely reduce blood from flowing to the heart muscles ie MI STEMI NSTEMI (think Acute being someone is very sick and they need to go to the hospital right away)

36
Q

What is Coronary Heart disease

A

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries so someone may be asymptomatic for a long time before it moves into ACS

37
Q

What is a STEMI

A

Complete coronary artery blockage

38
Q

What is an NSTEMI

A

Partial coronary artery blockage

39
Q

What is a common medication for people to take when they are having an MI

A

Baby aspirin since it is a blood thinner and lets blood flow more easily around clot while you seek medical attention

40
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Buildup of plaque on arterial walls that can cause an occlusion or total blockage

41
Q

What blood pressure would classify as HTN

A

Sustained levels of 140/90

42
Q

What is secondary HTN

A

High blood pressure that is caused from condition or medication ie pregnancy kidney disease

43
Q

what is cushing’s syndrome

A

when your body produces to much cortisol which is the stress hormone and can cause you to have an elevated blood pressure

44
Q

What are hypertension risk factors

A

Think SODA
S- Stress smoking sedentary
O-Obesity Oral contraceptives
D- Diet Diseases
A- African American men Age

45
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of HTN

A

Severe headaches
Vision problems
chest pain
but may have no symptoms at all

46
Q

What is Metabolic syndrome or Syndrome x

A

A cluster of diseases that greatly increase your chance of heart disease stroke or diabetes
the diseases are
-High blood sugar
-Low levels of HDL
-high levels of triglycerides
-large waist
-HTN

47
Q

What is heart failure

A

Failure of the heart to pump blood to meet O2 demand and supply

48
Q

What are the three most common causes of HF

A

MI CAD hypertension

49
Q

What are the signs of Right Sided heart failure

A

AW HEAD
A- Anorexia
W-Weight gain
H-Heptomegaly (Swelling of the liver)
E-Edema
A-Ascites swelling of the belly
D-Distended neck vein

50
Q

What are the signs of Left sided heart failure

A

DO CHAP
D-Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
O-orthopnea (shortness of breath while lying down)
C-Cough from pulmonary congestion
H-Hemoptysis (pink or blood tinged sputum)
A-Adventitious breath sounds
P-Pulmonary congestion

51
Q

What does troponin in the blood indicate and what condition do they detect with it

A

Protein in the blood that can detect myocardial damage usually for detecting an MI

52
Q

What does Brain Neuratic peptide indicate in the blood

A

released from the heart when it is working very hard so used to diagnose heart failure

53
Q

What does CRP levels in blood indicate

A

Detects inflammation in the body but it can not tell you from where

54
Q

What does Creatine Kinase levels indicate in the blood

A

Detects skeletal cardiac and brain inflammation

55
Q

What can an Electrocardiogram be used to diagnose

A

STEMI or dysrhythmia

56
Q

What is an Echocardiogram and what can it diagnose

A

Ultrasound of the heart
Be used to diagnose valves blood flow heart wall motion contractility and ejection fraction

57
Q

What is an angiogram and what can it diagnose

A

Procedure where the put a catheter into the coronary arteries and inject dye that can be picked up on an X-ray and gives a very clear image of the coronary arteries and can diagnose a narrowing or blockage

58
Q

How can a normal Chest x ray be used to diagnose heart conditions

A

see if there is any trauma to the chest that may be affecting the heart also used to see if there is any fluid build up

59
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do

A

They stop vasoconstriction so lower BP and prevent MI

60
Q

What do ARBS

A

helps prevent MI HTN can treat CAD and protect the kidneys by vasodilating

61
Q

What do beta blockers do

A

They block the receptors that detect adrenaline so it lowers your heart rate which can help reduce the O2 needs of your heart and lowers BP

62
Q

Can liver disease cause hypertension

A

No liver disease usually causes hypotension since it no longer produce albumin

NRSG 126 (11 decks)

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