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NRSG 126 > Week # 7 circulation > Flashcards

Week # 7 circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 changes to arteries that happen when we age

A

The arteries become longer wider thicker and stiffer

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2
Q

What is the coronary sinus

A

where deoxygenated blood from the myocardium enters the right atrium

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the heart starting from superficial to deep

A

Epicardium
myocardium
Endocardium

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4
Q

Whats the function of the Epicardium

A

Anchors and protects the heart

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5
Q

what the function of the myocardium

A

(muscle of the heart)
Is what actually does the contracting

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6
Q

What is starling’s law

A

The more the ventricles fill or stretch the more forceful the contraction will be

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7
Q

What receptor is blood pressure controlled by

A

baroreceptors

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8
Q

What causes the S1 sound

A

Mitral and tricuspid valves closing

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9
Q

What causes S2 sound

A

Pulmonic and aortic (semilunar valves closing)

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10
Q

Which is the most common valve replaced

A

Aortic valve

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11
Q

What is the most common valve that is repaired

A

mitral valve

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12
Q

Which heart sound is the beginning of systole

A

S1 Lub

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13
Q

What sound is the end of systole

A

S2 Dub

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14
Q

Does heart perfusion happen in diastole or systole

A

diastole during contraction blood can not make it to the heart tissue

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15
Q

what is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary artery

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16
Q

What is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary vein

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17
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute

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18
Q

What is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood the heart ejects per contraction

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19
Q

How could you calculate cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

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20
Q

What is the hearts typical cardiac output

A

4-6 L/min

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21
Q

What is preload

A

How much the heart stretches (from blood rushing in) during Diastole

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22
Q

What is after load

A

The resistance the heart has to overcome to eject blood from the ventricle

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23
Q

what happens when preload is to high

A

Heart failure since the heart can not keep up with how much it is stretching

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24
Q

Can preload increase myocardial demand of oxygen

A

yes since when preload is higher the heart needs more oxygen to contract harder

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25
Can afterload increase myocardial demand
Yes since the heart has to work harder to pump the heart through the body
26
What are the three factors that contribute to Afterload
The three V's Vessel diamater Valves Viscosity of blood
27
What is contractility
Ability of the heart to contract and the force at which it contracts
28
A condition where the SA node is no longer acting as the pacemaker and which causes chaotic impulses resulting in an irregular heart beat
atrial fibrillation
29
What is a dysrhythmia
Deviation from normal heart speed or rhythm so heart could be beating too slow but be regular or it could be beating at a normal rate but at an irregular rhythm
30
What is Ventricular tachycardia
The ventricles are beating faster than they should but everything is happening in order
31
Ventricular fibrillation
the ventricles ar beating totally irregularly and very serious condition since greatly reduces the efficiency of the heart the most life threatening heart dysrhythmia
32
what is asystole
not beating at all total heart stop
33
What is valve stenosis
when the valve tissue becomes stiff and narrow resulting in increased force to push the blood through the valve
34
What is angina and what could be a treatment
A squeezing tight pain in the chest that is caused by lack of oxygen to the heart treatment could be nitroglycerine since it is a vasodilator
35
What is an Acute Coronary syndrome and what are three examples
Term for a group of conditions that suddenly stop or severely reduce blood from flowing to the heart muscles ie MI STEMI NSTEMI (think Acute being someone is very sick and they need to go to the hospital right away)
36
What is Coronary Heart disease
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries so someone may be asymptomatic for a long time before it moves into ACS
37
What is a STEMI
Complete coronary artery blockage
38
What is an NSTEMI
Partial coronary artery blockage
39
What is a common medication for people to take when they are having an MI
Baby aspirin since it is a blood thinner and lets blood flow more easily around clot while you seek medical attention
40
What is atherosclerosis
Buildup of plaque on arterial walls that can cause an occlusion or total blockage
41
What blood pressure would classify as HTN
Sustained levels of 140/90
42
What is secondary HTN
High blood pressure that is caused from condition or medication ie pregnancy kidney disease
43
what is cushing's syndrome
when your body produces to much cortisol which is the stress hormone and can cause you to have an elevated blood pressure
44
What are hypertension risk factors
Think SODA S- Stress smoking sedentary O-Obesity Oral contraceptives D- Diet Diseases A- African American men Age
45
What are some signs and symptoms of HTN
Severe headaches Vision problems chest pain but may have no symptoms at all
46
What is Metabolic syndrome or Syndrome x
A cluster of diseases that greatly increase your chance of heart disease stroke or diabetes the diseases are -High blood sugar -Low levels of HDL -high levels of triglycerides -large waist -HTN
47
What is heart failure
Failure of the heart to pump blood to meet O2 demand and supply
48
What are the three most common causes of HF
MI CAD hypertension
49
What are the signs of Right Sided heart failure
AW HEAD A- Anorexia W-Weight gain H-Heptomegaly (Swelling of the liver) E-Edema A-Ascites swelling of the belly D-Distended neck vein
50
What are the signs of Left sided heart failure
DO CHAP D-Dyspnea (shortness of breath) O-orthopnea (shortness of breath while lying down) C-Cough from pulmonary congestion H-Hemoptysis (pink or blood tinged sputum) A-Adventitious breath sounds P-Pulmonary congestion
51
What does troponin in the blood indicate and what condition do they detect with it
Protein in the blood that can detect myocardial damage usually for detecting an MI
52
What does Brain Neuratic peptide indicate in the blood
released from the heart when it is working very hard so used to diagnose heart failure
53
What does CRP levels in blood indicate
Detects inflammation in the body but it can not tell you from where
54
What does Creatine Kinase levels indicate in the blood
Detects skeletal cardiac and brain inflammation
55
What can an Electrocardiogram be used to diagnose
STEMI or dysrhythmia
56
What is an Echocardiogram and what can it diagnose
Ultrasound of the heart Be used to diagnose valves blood flow heart wall motion contractility and ejection fraction
57
What is an angiogram and what can it diagnose
Procedure where the put a catheter into the coronary arteries and inject dye that can be picked up on an X-ray and gives a very clear image of the coronary arteries and can diagnose a narrowing or blockage
58
How can a normal Chest x ray be used to diagnose heart conditions
see if there is any trauma to the chest that may be affecting the heart also used to see if there is any fluid build up
59
What do ACE inhibitors do
They stop vasoconstriction so lower BP and prevent MI
60
What do ARBS
helps prevent MI HTN can treat CAD and protect the kidneys by vasodilating
61
What do beta blockers do
They block the receptors that detect adrenaline so it lowers your heart rate which can help reduce the O2 needs of your heart and lowers BP
62
Can liver disease cause hypertension
No liver disease usually causes hypotension since it no longer produce albumin

NRSG 126 (11 decks)

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