Week #11 Elimination

Question 1

what happens to are nephrons as we age

Answer 1

there are a decreased number of them so GFR is significantly reduced

Question 2

What is normal GFR for younger person and then someone over 80

Answer 2

GFR can be 125 ml/min normally but then when someone is older than 80 it can drop to 60-70 mL/min

Question 3

what is one reason the efficiency of kidneys is reduced with age

Answer 3

vessel hardening impacts perfusion

Question 4

what is micturition

Answer 4

voiding or peeing

Question 5

what is the normal output of urine for a person

Answer 5

at least 30 mL/hour or 1-2 L per day

Question 6

what does BPH stand for and what does it mean

Answer 6

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
it is an enlarged prostate.

Question 7

What are two normal changes to the bladder as you age

Answer 7

Less bladder capacity due to hardening and less elasticity
less bladder muscle strength

Question 8

what is normal PVR

Answer 8

normal Post Void Residual is less than 50 mL

Question 9

who is at a greater risk for bladder prolapse males or females?

Answer 9

females

Question 10

what is dysuria

Answer 10

painful or difficult urination

Question 11

what is oliguria

Answer 11

when not enough urine is produced

Question 12

what does renin do

Answer 12

causes the release of angiotensin 2 which increases blood pressure

Question 13

what are 6 main functions of the kidneys

Answer 13

Remove waste
Drug metabolism
fluid and electrolyte regulation
blood pressure regulation
RBC production
Vit d absorption

Question 14

what is a urinary diversion

Answer 14

surgical procedure to create a new way for urine to exit the body

Question 15

what is cystitis

Answer 15

inflammation of the bladder usually caused by infection

Question 16

what is pyelonephritis

Answer 16

kidney or upper urinary tract infection which results in swelling

Question 17

What is bacteremia

Answer 17

when someone has a bacteria in their blood but their immune system can not defend against it and they become symptomatic
very often the bacteria enters through the urinary system

Question 18

what is the most common Healthcare Associated Infection

Answer 18

UTI

Question 19

what does CAUTI stand for

Answer 19

Catheter Associated UTI

Question 20

what symptoms of a UTI would indicate a more systemic infection

Answer 20

Any later stage symptoms like
Nausea
fever

Question 21

what are 9 signs and symptoms of UTI

Answer 21

Dysuria
Nocturia
Urgency (due to cystitis)
increase in frequency
hematuria or cloudy foul smelling urine
Fever/chills
Nausea or vomiting
back side or groin pain
costovertebral tenderness (tenderness to the lower back)

Question 22

what are 6 signs of a UTI in the older adult

Answer 22

Change in LOC
Confusion
Delirium
Agitation
Behaviour change
falls

Question 23

what does a culture and sensitivity test look for

Answer 23

bacteria in the urine that could be causing and infection

Question 24

What is a cystoscopy

Answer 24

when they insert a scope into your bladder to inspect for problems

Question 25

what is a Renal ultrasound used for

Answer 25

to determine size shape and location or urinary system structures and diagnose any associated problems

Question 26

what is a 24 hour urine collection used to determine

Answer 26

how the kidneys are functioning overall and if there is any changes on how your kidneys are filtering through out the day

Question 27

what device is used to determine post void residual

Answer 27

Bladder scanner

Question 28

what is a BUN test and what does it determine

Answer 28

Blood Urea Nitrogen test Blood test that determines levels of Nitrogen and Urea and can indicate poor kidney function if there are elevated levels of these two things

Question 29

what does a creatinine blood test determine

Answer 29

Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism that is usually excreted in urine if there are elevated levels in blood it determines that the kidneys are not functioning properly and not excreting this waste

Question 30

what is estimated Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 30

estimated number that is determined by blood test your age sex and other factors it is a general estimate on how well your kidneys are functioning

Question 31

what are 2 common treatments for a UTI

Answer 31

fluids and antibiotics

Question 32

what is one of the most important ways to prevent a UTI

Answer 32

managing incontinence

Question 33

what are 4 ways to prevent a UTI

Answer 33

adequate hydration Movement managing incontinence proper care for indwelling catheters

Question 34

what could yellow feces indicate

Answer 34

yellow is a result of to much fat in the feces so could indicate malabsorption from the GI tract

Question 35

What could red feces indicate

Answer 35

bleeding in the lower intestinal tract

Question 36

what could pale white or grey colored feces indicate

Answer 36

a blocked bile duct (which is the duct that connects the liver and the gallbladder)

Question 37

what could black feces indicate

Answer 37

Bleeding in the upper intestinal tract

Question 38

what could very green feces indicate

Answer 38

the stool is passing to fast through your GI system

Question 39

what is considered a normal finding for color of feces

Answer 39

slightly green or any shade of brown

Question 40

in a normal GI tract how many bowel sounds should be heard per minute

Answer 40

5-30 per/min

Question 41

what are 6 common age related changes to the digestive system

Answer 41

less saliva less motility less parietal cells Decreased sphincter tone degeneration of gastric mucosa atrophy of intestinal muscles

Question 42

what happens as a result of decreased parietal cell function in the older adult

Answer 42

less B12 Fe Ca and Folic acid absorption

Question 43

what are 4 common alterations to the GI system

Answer 43

Age related changes Infectious diseases Medical conditions acute medical interventions and concerns

Question 44

how does diabetes affect digestions

Answer 44

diabetes often causes gastroparesis which is when there is a delayed emptying of the stomach which can be very serious

Question 45

what is classified as diarrhea

Answer 45

3 or more loose stools per day

Question 46

what are 4 common complications of diarrhea

Answer 46

Dehydration IAD type irritation Electrolyte imbalances especially K+ decreased intake of nutrients

Question 47

what is a fecal occult blood test

Answer 47

used to detect hidden blood in the stool that can only be detected with chemical

Question 48

what does a fecal culture and sensitivity test determine

Answer 48

determines if there are any pathogens in the stool that could be causing an infection

Question 49

what does a fecal ova and parasites test determine

Answer 49

looks for parasites and their eggs (ovum) in a stool sample

Question 50

what can an abdominal x ray determine

Answer 50

able to determine constipation/obstruction

Question 51

what does an abdominal CT scan determine

Answer 51

makes a detailed image of the structures inside your abdomen to determine if there are any issues

Question 52

what do kegels do for the urinary system

Answer 52

make the muscles that support the bladder stronger which helps prevent incontinence

Question 53

what is the recommended amount of fiber for someone with constipation

Answer 53

20-25 g/day

Question 54

what are three ways to treat diarrhea

Answer 54

Check diet slow peristalsis treat the cause of it

Question 55

What is wernicke's aphasia

Answer 55

receptive aphasia so trouble interpreting information but speech may be normal

Question 56

What is broca's aphasia

Answer 56

Expressive aphasia no problem interpreting information a person would just not be able to express themselves