WEEK 7: Ch: 9, 12,13

Question 1

What are the 4 basic components of religiosity?

Answer 1

1-Believing: a religious person accept some spiritual/supernatural beliefs.
2-Bonding: the importance in religions of uniting oneself with its something greater than oneself.
3-Behaving: the way of living that religious encourage to achieve harmony with god.
4-Belonging: a sense of identity people gain rom being part of a community of believers

Question 2

Intrinsic religiosity

Answer 2

When persons religious activity based on a view that religion is important in its own rights.

Question 3

Extrinsic religiosity

Answer 3

when religion is treated as a way of obtaining some other extrinsic goals

Question 4

Religiosity and B5 correlations

Answer 4

-Religiosity is not strongly correlated with personality traits. However religious people have slightly higher correlations with agreeableness, conscientiousness and honesty & humility.
- Has stronger relations with fairness and altruism.
-Altruism is restricted to religious group members only.
-Personality influences religiosity not the other way around.
-Negatively correlated with openness to experience ( even tho spirituality is positively correlated to openness to experience)

Question 5

Study about: amazing apostates and amazing believers.

Answer 5

-Amazing apostates grew up in a religious household and don’t believe in religion due to unfactual things. Good at school etc.
-Amazing believers grew up in a household with non believers and went through a personality crisis. This comes from emotion, passion and strong need of community.

• results: non-religious people that were raised in religious households show higher openness to experience levels.

Question 6

Religiosity-Mental ability

Answer 6

People with higher mental ability are slightly less religious.

Question 7

Religiosity in developmental course

Answer 7

Mostly stays stable or might increase between young adulthood- middle age and decrease a little when become older.

Question 8

Religiosity and life outcomes

Answer 8

• Religious people 25% less likely to die.
  -Modest correlation between religiosity and life satisfaction ( more optimistic and have a bigger support system.
  -Weak correlation with crime rates
  -Religious people tend to have more kids.

Question 9

3 related tendencies to Right-wing authoritianism

Answer 9

1-Conventionalism: strong adherence to norms endorsed by society and authorities
2-Authoritarian submission: obedience towards authorities perceive has legitimate.
3-Authoritarian regression: hostility toward people that are considered deviant deserving of punishment.

Question 10

The Problems with the F-Scale

Answer 10

• Doesn’t actually measure the 3 tendencies.
  -No reversed key items so you can’t neglect the acquisition bias.

Question 11

The right-wing authoritarian scale improvements and interpretation

Answer 11

-Reversed key items were added
and focused on the right constructs.
-High score indicated with willingness to punish people and approval of restriction of civil liberties.
-Also means that one is more willing to favour the group that he belongs to.

Question 12

Social dominance orientation

Answer 12

People differ in the preference of hierarchy, as opposed to equality in relations among social groups.
-Western cultures usually prefer to be equal rather than the hierarchy.
-Higher scores are associated with lower levels of support for policies, tendency to oppose multiculturalism and favour assimilation. Greater favourability toward exploration of animals.

Question 13

Relation between right wing authoritarian and social dominance

Answer 13

-They have a positive moderate relationship.
-Right wing thinks world is not safe and their values are threatened
-High social dominance think that the world is competitive and resources should not be shared.

Question 14

Social values dimension

Answer 14

1- Openness to Change(self direction, stimulation)- Conservation( conformity, tradition, security):
2-Self-enhancement (achievement-power) ; Self-Transcendence (universalism, benevolence)

-Conservation values are related to right wing authoritarian values
-Self- enhancement correlated to social dominance)

Question 15

Social values correlation to personality

Answer 15

• Openness to experience is negatively correlated to right wing and conservation
  -Honesty-Humility negatively related to social dominance and self-enhancement.

Question 16

Developmental change in political attitudes

Answer 16

• Authoritarian values tend to stay stable but more details:
  1-Tend to decrease during young adults years
  2-Tend to decrease from collage years to 30’s
  3-People who become parents have higher authoritarian values than their collage year s
  4- People who don’t become parents have lower comparing to their collage years
  5-Liberal art student have the biggest decline

Question 17

Genetic and environmental influences on political attitudes

Answer 17

1- the influence of shared environment is not very strong for personality traits but rather tend to be stronger for political attitudes and beliefs.
2-The influence tend to diminish when reaching adulthood ( identical twins rather share more similar view than fraternal twins.)

Question 18

Common environment influence on political views

Answer 18

1- During teenage years environment plays an important role however after 20 genetic influence becomes stronger.
- fraternal twins are rather similar in conservatism before 20 however after 20 the show less similarities
- Identical twins show rather similarity before 20 and become even more similar after 20.

Question 19

Heritability in right wing authoritanism - social dominance theory

Answer 19

1- Right-wing is more heritable and have a considerable common environment contribution.
- The results are consistent between cultures and different countries.

2-Social dominance has low heritability but strong common environment influence.
-varies depending on the culture

Question 20

Evolutionary reasons of being high in authoritanism

Answer 20

-You get more rewards fewer punishments (benefit)
-Disadvantage: when the leader is successful you get more benefits if not you loose more.

Question 21

Spouses - correlation with religiosity

Answer 21

Partners are tend to have very similar political views.

Question 22

Dimensions of sexuality:

Answer 22

High/low sexual arousal: sedcutive sensual, arousal versus celibate abstinent, prudish.
High/low sexual commitment:devoted, loving, faithful, monogamous vs polygamous, promiscuous

• Sexual orientations don’t correlate with these dimensions.
  -Women score high in sexual commitment.

Question 23

Sexual arousal- personality?

Answer 23

-Clear link with sexual arousal and extraversion .
-people who are more extraverted had stronger sex drive and stronger sense of being sexually attractive.

-Asexual people are less extraverted

Question 24

Sexual commitment and personality correlations

Answer 24

1- Agreebaleness and conscientiousness are found to be correlated with sexual commitment.

Question 25

Sociosexual restricted

Answer 25

comfortable in a relationship only when they have strong emotions for the partner

Question 26

sociosexual unrestricted

Answer 26

Comfortable in engaging sexual relation even in absence of any emotional commitment.

Question 27

Sociosexual restricted correlation with personality traits

Answer 27

1- High levels of honesty &humility but Higher levels of emotionality conscientiousness, and agreeableness.

Question 28

Sociosexual unrestricted correlation with personality traits

Answer 28

somewhat higher correlations with narcissism and psychopathy.

Question 29

sexual orientation and personality

Answer 29

• 92% report being fully heterosexual
  -Non-heterosexual people have higher openness to new experience levels
  -Bisexual people have the highest levels.
  -Gay men score higher in agreeableness and neuroticism than heterosexual man.
  -Gay men score higher in emotionality in HEXACO than heterosexual men ; lesbian women score lower in emotionality than heterosexual women.

Question 30

Why are non-heterosexual people more open to new experiences

Answer 30

1-Same genetic and environmental influence that provides openness to experience also promotes non-heterosexual genes
2-Non-heterosexual people develop to be mıre non-comforting and uncınventional
3- People who score higher in openness to experience tend to identify themselves non-heterosexual even tho they have no greater intentions for it

Question 31

Sexual arousal (women) - genetic influence

Answer 31

-study has found that differences among women in orgasm have an important genetic basis.
-Extraversion is also correlated to sexual arousal

Question 32

Extraversion- sexual arousal benefits drawbacks

Answer 32

benefit: People who are more extravert are also found to be more attractive therefore have more potential to choose for a mate.
Drawback: As they are focused on attraction they loose the focus for their work life and have been the focus for hostility from competitors.

Question 33

Restricted-Unrestricted relationship and genes and environment (twin study)

Answer 33

-Identical twin pairs are usually similar to each other with sociosexuality.
- Individual differences in sociosexuality are almost 50% heritable
-Environmental differences are mostly due to unique environment.

Question 34

Evolutionary Function of restricted relationships

Answer 34

1- If prehistoric woman has sex with a man who is not emotionally connected to her and gets pregnant no-one will help the women while she is pregnant and after she gives birth. This will decrease the offspring’s survival level. Therefore restricted orientation would have predominated in later generations.

Question 35

Evolutionary Function of unrestricted relationships

Answer 35

1-If a man who is not in a committed relationship impregnates a woman and women loses the child there is no biological cost to the man. If the women has a healthy child he achieves reproductive success. Therefore men who were unrestricted socio-sexual would not have the same disadvantages as women.

Question 36

Sexy-son strategy (natural selection)

Answer 36

-If women have unrestricted relationship she is more likely to be with an attractive men. ıf she gets pregnant and the offspring manages to survive the woman might get an attractive son. Attractive son will impregnate many women when he grows up and the mom will have many grandchildren. this is a reproductive success.

Problem: If this becomes common between women the strategy wouldn’t work and women would be more tend to become restricted in their socio-sexuality.

Question 37

Heritability of sexual orientation

Answer 37

Identical twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation than fraternal twins (especially among men).

Problems with the study: mostly twins with same sexual orientation prefer to join.

Question 38

Exotic becomes erratic

Answer 38

-The biggest predictor of the sexual orientation is during childhood girls who prefer to play boy-games are more likely to become lesbians and bıys who prefer to play girl games are more likely to become gay.

-Therefore if a girl is playing boy games with guys when she hits puberty she will se members of the same sex as exotic and will grow erratic attraction towards them.
Other way around goes for boys.

Question 39

Number of older brothers theory

Answer 39

1- If you have more biological older brothers as a guy you are more likely to become gay.
Explanation: During womb environment mothers body releases the androgens hormone (male hormones) which is recognised as foreign by the mothers body. If the mom gets pregnant subsequently her body will release antibodies which will decrease the male hormone levels by time

Question 40

Why do gay men not get extinct

Answer 40

-Men gay’s relatives have more kids because they are more involved in their sibling’s well-beings ad their niece’s well-beings.
-Same genes that make you homosexual might also cause gay man’s relatives to have more kids.