WEEK 4: Ch:10, 11

Question 1

First Intelligence tool?

Answer 1

-By Binet (Simon-Binet test)

Question 2

Spearman

Answer 2

-Came up with the g factor (general factor of mental ability) diverse tasks are positively correlated.
- Simple tasks are worse indicator of factor g
-Harder tasks are better indicator of factor g
-Reasoning tasks correlate higher with the g factor.

Question 3

Raven

Answer 3

-Spearman’s student who developed a test called Raven’s matrices similar to tasks relations and correlations.

Question 4

Group factors

Answer 4

• Spearman discovered similar tasks highly correlate to each other so in order to not to loose the g factor he proposed he proposed 4 additional small factors:
  1-verbal
  2-spatial
  3-perceptual
  4-memory abilites

Question 5

Thurstone

Answer 5

He didn’t agree with Spearman and argued that mental ability can not be measured with only one task so he offered 7 primary areas:
1-verbal fluency
2-verbal comprehension
3- numerical facility
4-spatial visualisation
5-Memory
6-Perceptual speed
7- Reasoning
Result: he realised all these factors highly correlate with each other so he factor analysed and agree with the g factor.

Question 6

Development and IQ level

Answer 6

• IQ level increases throughout childhood and adulthood and starts decreasing after old age.
• In general stays relatively stable

Question 7

Deary: 500 Scottish LTA IQ study

Answer 7

-IQ stays stable after childhood
- difference between the age of 8 and 80 is 1SD deviation.
-Growth of mental ability is higher than the decline of cognitive ability

Question 8

WAIS IQ TEST Developmental results:

Answer 8

1-Verbal ability/Arithmetic problem solving : middle age adults > young adults =elderly
2- Spatial ability/ Perceptual speed/memory: young adults> older adults> elderly

-Results are not certain due to age-cohort effect.

Question 9

Is brain size related to IQ?

Answer 9

No, only the thickness of the cerebral cortex and brain damage are related to IQ.

Question 10

Reaction time tasks

Answer 10

1-Simple RT task (one light)
2-Choice RT task (2 lights)
3-odd-man-out (multiple lights)
-Correlation between IQ is -0.3

Question 11

Inspection time

Answer 11

time period of an individual requires to notice a stimuli.
-Find the shorter stick
-correlation is -.3

Question 12

Other biological correlates to mental ability:

Answer 12

1-Nerve conduction velocity: the speed which central nervous system transmits the electric impulse
2-Brain Waves: changes in electrical potential due to a stimuli
3-Brain glucose metabolism: the rate at which the brain consumes glucose

Question 13

Heredity-Environment Influence on IQ

Question 14

Genome-Wide complex trait analysis

Answer 14

• asses the similarity of a trait (IQ) in two people and examine wether they share more genes than people who are less similar in this trait. (r=.25)

Question 15

Womb environment influence on IQ

Answer 15

• Devlin found .2 correlation for fraternal twins and , .05 for non twin siblings.
  -Jacobs found monozygotic twins have more similar IQ than dizygotic
  -Womb environment plays a role in IQ development.

Question 16

Nutrition effect on IQ

Answer 16

-Twins who have to share the nutrition in one womb have slightly less IQ than their non-twin siblings.
-Nutiriton is correlated to IQ

Question 17

Birth order effect on IQ

Answer 17

Older siblings tend to have a slightly more IQ than younger siblings.

Question 18

Evolutionary function of mental ability

Answer 18

• Mental differences might be due to genetic mutations
• Men tend to score higher in spatial abilities (hunting) women tend to score higher in perceptual speed and emory ( gathering )

Question 19

IQ scores and life outcome correlations:

Answer 19

1- Correlates to academic achievement
2-Job performance (higher correlation with cognitively complex tasks)
3- Occupational status and income correlate but not very high because there is a third factor of the family’s socioeconomic situation.

Question 20

Longevity-Health and IQ

Answer 20

-There is a correlation between in both sexes because people with higher IQ’s tend to make smarted decisions. (quitting smoking)

Question 21

Criminality and IQ

Answer 21

-There is a correlation with criminality however it is proven that high IQ people also commit crime but they do it for a higher cost or benefit whereas low IQ people do it due to poor prospect of success.

Question 22

Marriage and IQ

Answer 22

Spouses tend to have similar mental abilities in some areas. (strongly correlate in verbal ability , less in nonverbal reasoning)

Question 23

Cattel’s Fluid and Crystallised Intelligence

Answer 23

-Crystallized intelligent in tasks that are more well-learned (algebra, history,geography)
-Fluid Intelligence ( abstract/novel thinking)

Question 24

Flynn effect

Answer 24

People nowadays score 1SD higher than people in 50’s. But this is the case for fluid intelligence not for crystal. Cause nowadays new generations need novel thinking.

Question 25

Mental ability-Personality

Answer 25

Only opennes to experience correlates to verbal ability and has a weak correlation with numerical ability.

Question 26

Alternative theory: Gardner

Answer 26

8 distinct inteligence : linguistic, logical math, spatial, musical, motor coordination, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic.
-They correlate to each other therefore to the “g” factor
-evidence is inconsistent

Question 27

Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of Intelligence

Answer 27

-Analytic, creative, and practical
-Not much evidence.

Question 28

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 28

-Ability to understand one’s emotions and those of others
-ability to self regulate one’s emotions
-It correlates to personality traits and general mental ability should be researched further.

Question 29

What is empirical scale used for in vocational areas

Answer 29

To develop occupational scales

Question 30

What is rational scale used for in vocational areas

Answer 30

Measure interest in areas of work

Question 31

Holland’s RIASEC model

Answer 31

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social,Enterprising, Conventional
(check the dimension)

Question 32

B5 and vocational interest correlation

Answer 32

1-Extraversion- Enterprising and social
2- Openness to experience- Investigative and artistic
3- Conscientousness - conventional
4-Agreeableness- social

Question 33

HEXACO and vocational interstate correlations

Answer 33

1- Honesty & Humility- Enterprising (modest negative r)
2-Emotionality and realistic (small negative r)

Question 34

Mental ability correlation vocational interest

Answer 34

• When actual ability is measured through test rather than self-report the correlations are weaker.
  1-Spatial &mechanical abilities - Realistic or investigative (small r)
  2-Verbal ability - Artistic and investigative (small r)
  3-Perceptual speed- conventional (small r)

Question 35

Vocational interest correlated positively with job performance/satisfaction (moderate correlation)

Question 36

Validity of the correlations in job satisfaction/performance

Answer 36

-The validity is not purely accurate because there are other factors:
- Coworkers
-Boss
-Payment
-incompetent workers

Question 37

Developmental changes in vocational areas

Answer 37

-CSS study says that older people score higher in all six dimensions.
-LTS teens in their 20’s become more interested in enterprising, social and artistic domains.

Question 38

Sex differences in vocational areas

Answer 38

Women tend to score higher in social areas ( people)
Men tend to score higher in realistic machine areas

Question 39

Genetic influence on vocational interest

Answer 39

-Fraternal twins ( .25) similar vocation interest
- Identical twins (.45) similar vocational interest
-Overall genetic component is a bit lower than .5 correlated.