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Personality Measurement and Assessment > WEEK 3: Ch 5,6,7 > Flashcards

WEEK 3: Ch 5,6,7 Flashcards

1
Q

Pavlov’s personality theory of dogs:

A

1-Weak: inhibited, anxious, easily upset (melancholic)
2-Strong unbalanced: exitable, hyperactive, irritable (choleric)
3-Strong balanced slow: calm, consistent, not easily aroused (phlegmatic)
4- Strong balanced mobile: lively, fast eager.

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2
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Biological substance involved in communication among nerve cells.
-The communication between neurone is the basis of our thoughts emotions and behaviors.

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3
Q

Neurotransmitter journey

A

Neurotransmitter released (electric impulses) - travel through the axons - released to synapses- absorbed by the receiving neuron’s dendrites- acceleration or inhibition

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4
Q

Cloninger’s theory

A

Neurotransmitters can influence personality.
-dopamine (novelty seeking, serotonin, neuropinephrine are located in the central nervous system and effects our personality.
-No clear support

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5
Q

Dopamine

A

-Novelty seeking (tendency to seek pleasure and or excitement)

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6
Q

Serotonin

A

-It inhibits your body’s response to harm and unpleasurable things.
-Related to anxiety and and pain
Example: low levels or serotonin will lead to harm avoidance that is seen in depressed or anxious patients.

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7
Q

Norepinephrine

A

-prohibits to be reward dependent.
-Low levels of norepinephrine will result in reward-dependent behavior which will cause more sentimental attachments.

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8
Q

Gray’s theory (Reinforcement sensitivity theory)

A

Certain brain regions work together as mechanisms that underlie personality.
-BAS
-BIS
-FFFS

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9
Q

Behavioral activation system (BAS)

A

-go system “encourages to pursuit of rewards”
-If the BAS is active people are more likely to be impulsive seek pleasure and excitement.

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10
Q

Behavioral Inhibition (system)

A

-stop system it encourages to the avoidance of punishment.
- The more active means people are more tend to avoid punishments. (anxious people)

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11
Q

Fight-Flight-Freeze system

A

-eliciting extreme reactions in response to extremely threatening situations.
-The more active the person will engage in more extreme reactions (aggression etc)

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12
Q

Eysenck’s theory

A

Personality is based on biological changes
-Activating reticular arousal system (extraversion)
-Limbic system (Emotional Stability)
-Extraversion-Intraversion
-Neuroticism-Stability
-Psychoticism (added later)

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13
Q

Extraversion

A

-People differ in their sensitivity so stimuli.
-Extravorted stimuli prefer high level of stimulation
-Intravorted people prefer a low level of stimulation
-This system is governed by Ascending reticular activation system (ARAS)

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14
Q

Neuroticism

A

-Moderated by stress sensitivity
-Sensitive to stress tha leads to anxiety
-If you can cope with stress you are emotionally stable (controlled by the limbic system)

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15
Q

Psychoticism

A

-agressiveness, manipulation , tough mindness
-High levels are associated with criminal behavior.
-Highly psychotic people have high testosterone and low monoamine oxidase.

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16
Q

Zuckerman’s model

A

-Did a factor analysis
-Similar to Eysenck’s theory (extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism)
-Summarized it in 5 factors: Activity, Sociability, Impulsive sensation seeking, Aggression and Neuroticism/anxiety

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17
Q

Hormones

A

Biological chemicals and transmitted to the other parts of the body.
-Testosterone
-Cortisol
-Oxytocin

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18
Q

Testosterone

A

-Physical characteristics of man
-doesn’t really influence personality
-uncertain might be related to aggression, dominance

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19
Q

Cortisol

A

-Triggered by stress
-prepare the body for stress
-can lead to increase in blood pressure
-doesn’t influence behavior significantly
-depression and unemotional

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20
Q

Oxytocin

A

-female and male productive system
-Produced in hypothalamus
-when giving birth, breastfeeding,nd during orgasms.
-Not significantly related to personality.
-Bonding,trustingness ,prosociality,trustworthy

21
Q

Is personality determined by genetics or environment?

A

Both

22
Q

fake study: Seperating monozygot twins , growing in different environments ( genetic-environment influence)

A

Twins who share 100% identical genes were separated. When they were 20 personality similarities were checked and it was fun .6.
– Result: 60% genes and 40% environment.

23
Q

fake Study: Seperating dizygot twins , growing in different environments ( genetic-environment influence)

A
  • If the correlation found is 60% it means 30% is due to genetic because except monozygotic twins all siblings share 50% DNA.
24
Q

Alelle

A

-Particular version of a gene
-If a person has 2 copies of allele the trait will definitely be expressed.

25
Q

Additive genetic effects

A

-Accumulation of several genes (polygenic genes) determining a trait in phenotype.
-Remains the same for monozygotic twins

26
Q

Nonadditive genetic effects

A

-When siblings have different alleles of genes
-Polymorphisim, interaction between dominant and recessive gene.
Ex: E= red flower
r= white flower
Rr= flower will be pink not just simply red or white but a mix of both

27
Q

Fretenal and monozygot twins

A
  • Monozygot twins are 2 times more similar than fraternal twins because nonaddictive genes and different genes variations in fraternal twins can lead to different outcomes.
28
Q

Between-family

A

shared enviormental influence
-Factors that contribute to similarities among siblings raised in the same family but differ between families

29
Q

Within family

A

-non shared environmental influence
factors that contribute to difference between siblings that were raised within the same family.

30
Q

Effects of common shared environment

A

-If monozygot twins are raised in the same environment the similarity might be more.
-For fraternal twins the same thing can be said which can be concluded as monozygotic wins are not particularly 2 times more identical than fraternal twins.

31
Q

Effects of non-shared environment

A

If 60% of similarity due to genetics 20% due to shared environment rest 20% is considered as a part of non-shared environment.

32
Q

Study of heredity research:

A

-Identical twins (.50) similarity
-Faternal twins .25 similarity
- When self-oberver reports are taken account together 64% of the personality is due to genes.

33
Q

-Identical twins that are raised apart are more similar than eternal twins that grew up together.
-Adopted siblings only show 10% similarity in their personalities..

A
34
Q

Assumptions of heritability studies

A

1- Relatives can be observed independently from each other. (Ex: a twin who is less anxious than his twin can think he is not anxious at all)
2-Parents of studied individuals are no more similar than two people chosen at a random time.

35
Q

Effects of parental treatment on twins

A

-Correlation was found .15
-Not certain if the parents affect the personality or personality effects the paren treatment.

36
Q

Effects of birth order on twins

A

very small effect

37
Q

Interaction of genotype with the environment

A

1- Passive: both of your parents athletic and you grew up in an athletic environment.
2-Active: predisposition to be musical bd therefore choose to play the piano.
3-Reactive:a child might be aggressive and other children bullying him for that can make him more aggressive.

38
Q

Darwin evolutionary theory summarised:

A

1- Individual differences among people
2- Inheritance of characteristics
3-Characteristics associated with reproductive success
4- change across generations in characteristics in levels of characteristics

39
Q

Why does variation not go away?

A

-It might be unimportant for survival and reproduction
- mutations lead to variation and evolution is not quick enough to eliminate them
-Infections tend to spread slower when individuals differ.

40
Q

Fluctuating Optimum

A

The ideal level of characteristics might differ depending on environmental conditions

41
Q

Frequency-dependent selection

A

There might be a ideal balance of several characteristics rather than just one ideal trait.

42
Q

Honesty- Humility (Benefits/ Costs?)

A

Benefit: gains from cooperation
Cost: potential gain that would result in exploting others.

43
Q

Agreeableness (Benefits/ Costs?)

A

Benefit: gains from cooperation
Cost: loses due to being exploited by others

44
Q

Emotionality (Benefits/ Costs?)

A

Benefit: survival of kin
Cost: loss of potential-gain associated to risks to self and kin.

45
Q

Conscientousness (Benefits/ Costs?)

A

Benefit: material gain
cost:energy and time

46
Q

Extraversion (Benefits/ Costs?)

A

benefit:social gain
costs: energy and time

47
Q

Opennes to experience

A

benefit: material and social gain
costs: energy and time risks from social and natural environment.

48
Q

Fluctuating optimum/dependence

A

-If differences are large between countries fluctuating optimum is more influential
-If differences are small between countries fluctuating dependence is more influential.

49
Q

Measurement problems with cross-national levels of trait

A

-Self report
-socially desirable answer
-validity of the QN

Personality Measurement and Assessment (6 decks)

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