WEEK 2: Ch: 3, 4

Question 1

The Four “Humors “ theory

Answer 1

-Hippocrates based personality on 4 seasons 4 elements.
1-Snaginus (red): extroverted and stable (cheerfulness)
2-Cholericus (yellow): extroverted and unstable (causes anger)
3-Melancholicus (black): introverted and unstable (depression)
4-Phlegmatic (white): introverted and stable (calmness)
-Balance of the fluid determines someone’s personality
-can be categorized on two scales (extravert,intravort, stable, unstable)

Question 2

Three somatoform types (body types= personality)

Answer 2

-Sheldon associated body types with intelligence, moral worth and future achievement.
A- Fat (endomorph): (most social,cheerful,relaxed)
B-muscly (mesomorph)(most competitive, dominnat, assertive)
C-skinny (ectomorph): nervous,shy, senistive, intellectual

Question 3

MBTI : 16 types

Answer 3

1- Extraversion-Intraversion
2- Sensing vs Intuition
3-Thinking vs feeling
4-judging vs. perceiving

Question 4

Enneagram (8 types)

Answer 4

reformer, helper, achiever, individualist, investigator, loyalist, enthusiast, challenger, peacemaker

Question 5

DISC

Answer 5

1-Dominant
2-Influencing
3-conscientousness
4-steady

Question 6

Lexical Hypothesis

Answer 6

People will want to talk about personality traits that they think it’s important.
-Result: people will come up with new words. These words become available in every language over time
-Language personality lexicon contains all important words related to personality traits.

Question 7

History of Lexical approach

Answer 7

1-Galton: first-attempt (realized some words in the dictionary overlap)
2-Baumgarten: undertook an inventory in German personality elated words.
3-Allport and Odbert: undertook an English inventory ( 4500 words describing people) excluded descriptive words.
4-Goldberg: created manageable lists 3584 words.
5-Raymond cattel: factor analysed the dictionary from all port and Odbert . Revelaed 12 factors. 35 variables.
6-Ernest Tupes and Raymond cristal: classified the 35 variables into 5.
7-Goldberg: The big five: individual differences are encoded in the language , the more important it is the more cultures have words for it.

Question 8

Goldberg’s big five

Answer 8

1-Surgency
2-agreeableness
3-conscientousness
4-emotional stability
5- intellect

Question 9

Dutch lexical study

Answer 9

1-extraversion
2-friendliness
3- conscientiousness
4- emotional stability
5- Intellect/ spirit

Question 10

B5 Inventories

Answer 10

1-NEO-PI-3
2-Big Five Inventory 2
3-Big Five aspect scale

Question 11

HEXACO Dimensions (Final)

Answer 11

1-Honesty-humility: fairness, honesty(differs from the B5 due to this trait)
2-Emotionality: oversensitive, vulnerable
3-Extraversion: outgoing, cheerfull
4-Agreeableness:
5-Conscientousness
6-Openness to experience
(Engagement: extraversion, consciousness,opennes to experience
Altruism: Honesty&Humility,Emotionality, )

Question 12

Difference between typology and dimensions?

Answer 12

1- Typology is a cluster , dimensions are continuum
2- Types are easier and more colorful than dimensions
3-dimensions are better reflection of reality.

Question 13

Study based on NEO-PI-R : three clusters

Answer 13

1-Externalizing type: low ın agreeableness and consciountusness
2-Internalizing type: high on neuroticism low on extraversion
3-Resilient type: low on neuroticism high on extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience and conscientouness

Question 14

Outcomes of the cluster study :

Answer 14

1- People don’t perfectly fit in the clusters they are more spread.
2- HEXACO dimensions explain better than the clusters.

Question 15

What proves the existence of HEXACO 6 traits

Answer 15

Lexical approach

Question 16

Universal

Answer 16

across the entire population

Question 17

Nomothetic

Answer 17

across groups generations, individuals

Question 18

Idiographic

Answer 18

individual

Question 19

Cross sectional study

Answer 19

measurement of traits at a given time
Disadvantage: we can not be sure if the change is due to developmental changes.

Question 20

Longitudinal study

Answer 20

measurement on two separate occasions in order to overcome cohort effect.
Disadvantage: period effect

Question 21

Birt cohort

Answer 21

people who are born during the same period and share the same important events.

Question 22

Period effect

Answer 22

effect of historical circumstances during a certain period of time. (war ,climate)

Question 23

age effect

Answer 23

People may change when they get older (taking care of parents, leadership roles)

Question 24

CSS-LTS

Answer 24

-LTS is generally superior to CSS
-Usually results are very similar so it’s assumed that CSS roughly shows the developmental changes.

Question 25

Cross-sectional study (HEXACO)

Question 26

Honesty-Humility

Answer 26

-Decreases during teens increases after late teens.
-60 year olds are usually one standard deviation above from the 18 year olds

Question 27

Emotionality

Answer 27

Anxiety tends to decrease after young adulthood, sentimentality slightly increases.

Question 28

Extraversion

Answer 28

social self-esteem and boldness tend to increase throughout adulthood but sociability tend to increase during teens and decrease after early 20s.

Question 29

Agreeableness

Answer 29

small decrease during 20s and 30s , followed by an increase in 40s

Question 30

Conscientousness

Answer 30

Increases during teens and early 20s. Prudence increases through early adulthood. Perfectionism stays roughly the same.

Question 31

Opennes to experience

Answer 31

-Not certain maybe increases during teens. Intellectual curiosity increases during adulthood, unconventionality decreases.

Question 32

Why do personality changes when we get older?

Answer 32

1-Social role hypothesis: social expectations increased responsibility when getting older.
2-Biological maturation hypothesis: genetic changes throughout life due to evolutionary adaptive.

Question 33

Stability of traits experiment?

Answer 33

According to Terraciano personality traits stay similar throughout our lives. It is only slightly less stable over years comparing to weeks.

Question 34

Stability during adulthood-young adolescence

Answer 34

-Personality traits are less stable during early adulthood than during later adulthood.
-For children between 12-16 it’s even less stable it changes .4 over 4 years

Question 35

Childhood-Infancy measurements?

Answer 35

-Children develop a personality around the age of 10
-Don’t know how to read
-Children don’t have complex social situations.
-Late childhood is more similar to adults and infants are not clear.

Question 36

Mother’s report Lamb’s study

Answer 36

-2 years old measured with their mother report consecutively during the ages od 3-6-8-15.
-Found that they became less extraverted , more agreeable and concientoussness.
-Young children are less stable.

Question 37

Stability of traits between childhood and adulthood

Answer 37

Hampson and Goldberg found that stability from childhood to middle age is low to moderate.
-Extraversion and conscientiousness (.25 change)
-Neuroticism (.0)
-rest is in between

Question 38

Stability of traits between childhood and adulthood for other traits

Answer 38

Huesmann found that for other traits it can be more stable such as : aggressiveness

Question 39

Agentic narcissim

Answer 39

need for admiration, feelings of grandiosity, superiority

Question 40

Antagonistic narcissism

Answer 40

arrogance, exploitaviness, entitlement

Question 41

Neurotic narcissism

Answer 41

emotional, dysregulation, hypersensitivity

Question 43

Re-ordering between B5-HEXACO

Answer 43

1-HEXACO emotionality includes “sentimentality” component of B5 Agreeableness.
2-HEAXO Agreeableness includes “irritation” component of Big 5 Emotional Stability