Week 7 - Adolescence Flashcards
what age range is adolescence
11-20 YO
what stage according to piaget’s theory is adolescence in
formal operational
what can people in formal operational stage do
- more abstract thinking that typifies adolescence and adulthood
- hypo thetico deductive (systematic reasoning)
- propositional (making inferences from premises which are presented as true)
- formal operational thinking is absolute and involves making decisions based on personal experience and logic
- Systematic consideration of all possible situations
- Logical understanding of abstract/intangible concepts
what is hypothetico-deductive reasoning (systematic reasoning)
it involves hypothesizing and then using deduction to predict and test outcomes.
what is post formal thinking
- more complex than formal operational thinking
- involves making decisions based on situational constraints and circumstances and integrating emotion with logic to form context dependent principles
what is concrete thinking
- the stage before formal thinking
- focuses on the literal and tangible aspects of situation
- they rely on specific examples, facts and direct experiences rather than abstract concepts or hypothetical situations
how long is short term or working memory for 11-20 YO
information retention up to 30 sec
what is the prospect theory
- balance between potential risk or gain
- risk aversive vs risk seeking behaviour
what is eriksons conflict in adolescence 11-20YO
identity vs role confusion
how is identity formed
- through exploration and experimentation
what are factors affecting identity development
- few sex differences in identity outcome but significant differences in processes
- males establish identity than relationships
- female identity more tied to relationships
- gender role differences are more influential than gender
- peer groups
- positive adult and peer role model
- personality and psychological wellbeing
- cultural factors
- societal factors (SES, political instability, unemployment)
How is self developed
Self concept more complex and abstract
- perspective taking (adolescent egocentrism, personal fable, imaginary audience)
- recognise inconsistencies of self
resolution leads to coherent sophisticated, accurate self image
what is adolescent egocentrism
where teenagers tend to have a heightened focus on themselves and an exaggerated sense of how other perceive them.
it includes imaginary audience and personal fable
what is personal fable
how adolescents think that their thoughts, feelings and experiences are unique and special and that no one else can truly understand them.
May also think that they are invulnerable or invincible
Example: A teenager might think, “No one understands how deeply I feel about this breakup,” or “I won’t get hurt if I take this risky action because I’m different.”
what is imaginary audience
Adolescents believe that they are the center of attention and that others are constantly watching and judging them
what is resolution of self inconsistencies
process by which individuals reconcile conflicting aspects of their self concept or beliefs.
Includes recognizing contradictions in their behaviours or thoughts and resolve it by changing behaviour, reevaluating beliefs, … ect
What is dunphys definition of a clique and it’s function
- a group of 3-9 members
- characterised by close relationships
- provide security, group norms
what are the stages of changes of group structure
- early cliques and crowds (11-13yrs) are unisex, isolated, uncoordinated
stage 2 - superficial mixing of male and female groups
stage 3 - leaders form mixed sex clique
stage 4 - various mixed sex groups loosely link as a crowd
stage 5 - couples form
Describe adolescent friendships
- one or two close friends, same sex
- based on mutuality and intimacy
- appreciate each other’s uniqueness
- complementarity is important - different strengths provide mutual benefit
- friendship provide social and emotional support
what does kohiber’s moral reasoning focuses on
justice
what is kohiber’s moral reasoning
Kohlberg’s theory has been influential in understanding how moral reasoning develops, though it has been critiqued for emphasizing justice and not sufficiently addressing other moral values, like care and compassion, as seen in Carol Gilligan’s critique.
What are the 3 levels of Kohlberg’s theory
- Preconventional level (stage 1 and 2)
- Conventional level (stage 3 and 4)
- Post conventional level (stage 5 and 6)
What is the emphasis of preconventional level in Kohlberg’s theory
emphasis on avoiding punishments and getting awards
Morality based on personal consequences (Stages 1 & 2).
What is the emphasis of the conventional level in Kohlberg’s theory
emphasis on social rules
Morality based on conformity to societal expectations and maintaining order (Stages 3 & 4).
What is the emphasis of the postconventional level in Kohlberg’s theory
moral principles
Morality based on abstract, universal principles (Stages 5 & 6).
What is Heteronomous morality (stage 1) of kohlberg’s theory
Heteronomous morality: ethics of punishment and obedience
good is what follows externally imposed rules and rewards and is whatever avoids punishment
Example: A child refrains from taking a cookie because they fear being scolded.
What is Instrumental purpose (stage 2) of Kohlberg’s theory
Instrumental purpose; ethics of exchange
good is whatever is agreeable to the individual and to anyone who gives or receives favours
The belief that right actions are those that serve one’s own needs.
A focus on individual gain or exchanges, such as doing favors with the expectation of receiving something in return.
Example: A child shares a toy expecting that the other child will share theirs later.
What is Interpersonal normative morality (stage 3) of Kohlberg’s theory
Interpersonal normative morality; ethics of peer opinion
Good is whatever pleases or helps others and brings approval from friends or peer group
Focus: Gaining social approval and maintaining relationships.
Example: A teenager tells the truth because they want to be seen as trustworthy by their peers or family.
What is Social system orientation (stage 4) of Kohlberg’s theory
Social system orientation: conformity to social system, ethics of law and order
good is what ever conforms to existing laws, customs and authorities, contributions for the good of society as a whole
Focus: Upholding laws and social rules
Example: An adult follows traffic laws because they believe it’s essential for public safety, even when no one is watching.
What is Social contract orientation (stage 5) of Kohlberg’s theory
Social contract orientation, ethics of social contract and individual rights
Good depends upon consensus principles in the face of various individual value, common principles should be upheld for the ultimate welfare of society
Focus: Social contracts and individual rights.
Moral Reasoning: Individuals recognize that laws and rules exist for the common good but also see that they can be changed if they are unjust. There is a focus on individual rights and democratic processes.
Example: A person supports changing an unfair law, believing that laws should promote the greatest good for the greatest number.
What is ethics of self chosen universal principles (stage 6) of kohlberg’s theory
ethics of self chosen universal principles
good is whatever is consistent with personal, general moral principles relating to universal justice and human rights that may be at odds with society’s laws
Focus: Universal moral principles.
Example: A person may choose to disobey an unjust law, such as in the case of civil disobedience, because they believe it violates fundamental human rights.
What is the socioemotional network
- responsible for processing social and emotional information
- highly sensitive to emotional and social stimuli and awarding behaviours
- can be over stimulated by strong emotions and social situations
What is the cognitive control network
- controls higher order cognitive processes including attention, working memory, planning and decision making
what is the development of socioemotional network and the cognitive control network during adolescence
- the socioemotional network develops during adolescence
- cognitive network develops gradually over a longer period of time
- this causes higher risk taking behaviour when there are big emotions or social influences, influencing decision making
What is propositional reasoning
- involving the manipulation of propositions or statements that are either true or false
e.g.
Consider the propositions “If it rains, then the ground will be wet” (If P, then Q). If you observe that it is raining (P), you can deduce that the ground will be wet (Q). This is an example of logical, propositional reasoning.
What is intuitive reasoning
Based on instinct or gut feeling, it’s a fast, automatic process without conscious, formal logic. Often derived from experience or subconscious processes.
