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HS1003 > Week 2 - First 2 years > Flashcards

Week 2 - First 2 years Flashcards

1
Q

What scale is used to help doctors and nurses decide whether a baby needs immediate medical attention

A

Apgar scale

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2
Q

What does the Apgar scale consist of

A

Appearance (skin colour)
Pulse rate
Grimace (crying or no response)
Activity (muscle tone, e.g. moving or not moving)
Respiratory effort ( breathing)

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3
Q

Newborns sleep on average how much a day

A

16 hours

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4
Q

How long do 6 month olds sleep on average per day

A

13 - 14 hours per day

May have unpredictable, frequent waking - every 2-3 hours - because of the immaturity of their CNS and their need to be feed regularly

With physical maturation eventually less night time fussiness - a regular routine can help with sleep patterns

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5
Q

What are newborns visual ability

A
  • can see but acuity is very poor
  • Newborns can see about 20-25cm
  • They can track moving objects and scan interesting sights
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6
Q

What are 6 month olds visual ability

A
  • improved to near adult level - improved scanning and tracking
  • Scanning enhances perception and perception enhances scanning
  • Developing knowledge of objects and event promotes pattern perception - facial recognition
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7
Q

What are infants auditory ability

A
  • most infants can hear at birth
  • They can hear the difference between sound patterns such as 2 syllables as opposed to 3, and happy vs negative tones of speech
  • 3 days old should be able to turn eyes and head to sounds
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8
Q

What is the moro reflex

A

Time = 28 weeks and it matures into the adult startle reflex at around 5 months

How to elicit = Dropping or startling the infant

Expected Response = Baby throwing arms outwards, arching their back then brings arms back together

Functions = Protection - trying to grab something to stop themselves from falling and to protect the head

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9
Q

What is the grasping reflec

A

Time = 28 weeks and disappears by 3 months as it turns into voluntary grasping

How to elicit = Putting something in the infants palm

Expected Response = curling fingers around any small object put in their hands

Function = Reinforces a connection with the primary care giver

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10
Q

What is the tonic neck reflec/asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

A

Time = Birth - 2 months , and should disappear by 2-3 months

How to elicit = turning the infants head to the side when lying down

Expected Response = When laid on back head turns to side and arm and leg extend to the same side - limbs on opposite side flex

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11
Q

What is the babinski reflex

A

Time: Disappears 8-12 months

How to elicit = Stroke the foot

Expected Response = toes spread, planter flexions (foot flexes), dorsiflexion (big toe flexes)

Function = to test the integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) – if it is still working after a certain amount of time then there is an issue – sign of neurological damage – also a problem if it doesn’t occur during the initial months

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12
Q

What is the rooting reflex (survival)

A

stroking of cheek –> baby head turns to side stroked and mouth opens ready to feed

function = orients child to breast or bottle

weakens and disappears by 6 months

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13
Q

What are gravity reflexes

A

helps maintain posture in a changing environment

typically appear after 2 months

remains for life - important for balance, stability, postural tone, muscle tone

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14
Q

What is the head righting reflex (postural)

A

reaction to gravity to ensure head maintains a midline position despite movements of other parts of body

develop from 6 weeks

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15
Q

What is the segmental rolling reflex (postural)

A

allowing rolling, sitting, crawling and standing

develop at 6 months

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16
Q

What is the parachute postural reflex

A

Arms being put out when falling

develops after 7 months

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17
Q

what are the first gross motor skills

A

Involves the large muscles of the arms, leg and torso
- crawling
- walking
-jumping

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18
Q

What are the first fine motor skills developed

A
  • reaching
  • grasping
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19
Q

at what age is the ulnar grasp replaced with pincer grasp (use of thumb and forefinger

A

12 months

20
Q

define attention

A

ability to focus these cognitive processes such as perception, memory and thinking on a particular task

21
Q

define perception

A

the brain’s immediate or direct organisation and interpretation of sensations through the senses

22
Q

how to infants show signs of recognition of people, objects, activities

A
  • cooing
  • stretchingout of arms
  • crawling/walking towards familar person
23
Q

What is habituation

A

the tendency to get used to and ignore stimuli which has been experienced repeatedly

24
Q

what visuals do newborns prefer

A

images with
- contours and edges of light and dark

25
Q

what visual images for 2-3 months prefer

A

images of complexity and curvature
humans faces have these qualities as do other images and objects

26
Q

what is object constancy

A

perception that an object remains the same despite concept changes in the sensations it sends to the eye (shape constancy and size constancy)

27
Q

What is depth perception

A

refers to a sense of how far away object are or appear to be and the ability to judge the distance of objects from each other and form ourselves

infants begin to develop this skill as soon as they can focus on objects at different distances (2 - 3 months)

crawling skills may enable distances to be perceived more accurately

28
Q

Are infants able to anticipate visual events

A

No - infants may be forming rudimentary generalizations about what they see, such as where to look to see another friendly smile

29
Q

can newborns respond to sound

A

Yes

30
Q

What are infants auditory thinking

A
  • 2 months can orient their heads towards certain noises
  • infants more capable of locating high pitched sounds than low pitched
31
Q

What is sensorimotor intelligence

A
  • doing things to and with objects around them
  • knowledge comes from action
  • knowledge seen as a process or repertoire of actions, rather than as stored information
32
Q

What is symbolic thinking

A

Being able to mentally represent or think about a car without actually touching or seeing one

infants can work out solutions with mental combinations rather than trial and error

this marks the end of infancy and the beginning of the next stage

33
Q

What does sensorimotor intelligence develop from

A
  • assimilation
  • accommodation
34
Q

define assimilation

A

Ability to interpret new experiences while using knowledge about something else learned in the past

e.g. thinking an apple can bounce because it is ball shaped and balls can bounce

35
Q

what is accommodation

A

modifying an existing thought to fit a new experience

e.g. learning that an apple is for eating not for bouncing

36
Q

What is stage 1 of infant development

A

early reflexes
0 -1 month
e.g.

37
Q

what is stage 2 of infant development

A

primary circular reactions
1-4 months

  • behaviour becomes less reflexive
  • able to coordinate their senses and eyes to direct grasping motions
  • repeated motor actions for no reason e.g. waving an arm or kicking repeatedly
38
Q

what are primary circular reactions

A

repetitive intentional actions related to the body –> they are immersions of greater control over the body – they link intention and thought to action – stops from being reflexes e.g. repeated arm movement, making sounds

39
Q

What is stage 3 of infant development

A

Secondary Circular Reactions
- combining schemes
e.g. reach towards an object (one scheme) discover that it is now possible to grasp the object (another scheme)

40
Q

What is secondary circular reactions

A

actions have reactions are learnt repetitive intentional action relating to the environment (interacting with something or someone) – beginning of understanding to interact the environment – learns that they are separate form the environment increases interest in othering things -

41
Q

What is stage 4 of infant development

A

Combined secondary circular reactions 8- 12 months
- infant actions are intentionally done to get a goal e.g. push one object aside to grasp another

Object permanence
- objects exist separately from their own actions and continue to exist even when they can not see them

42
Q

What is stage 5 of infant development

A

tertiary circular reactions 12-18 months
- now when dealing with a new object bab runs through a repertoire of schemes in a trial and error manner to learn about the object’s properties
- developing ability to experiment leads to more advanced understanding of object permeances
- they look in several locations for a hidden toy

43
Q

What is stage 6 of infant development

A

the first symbols
18-24 months
- transitional period between sensorimotor and preoperational stage
- able to imagine actions and solve problem mentally rather than trial and error
- true object permeance now possible

44
Q

what is true object permanence now possible

A

stage 6 - the first symbols 18 - 24 months

45
Q

What is the importance of tummy time

A
  • Helps develop upper body motor skills – teach them to push up from a surface
  • Strengths back and head muscles
  • Important foundations for motor skills and movement
46
Q

What cognitive stage are infants in according to piaget

A

sensory motor

HS1003 (8 decks)

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