Week 2 - First 2 years Flashcards
What scale is used to help doctors and nurses decide whether a baby needs immediate medical attention
Apgar scale
What does the Apgar scale consist of
Appearance (skin colour)
Pulse rate
Grimace (crying or no response)
Activity (muscle tone, e.g. moving or not moving)
Respiratory effort ( breathing)
Newborns sleep on average how much a day
16 hours
How long do 6 month olds sleep on average per day
13 - 14 hours per day
May have unpredictable, frequent waking - every 2-3 hours - because of the immaturity of their CNS and their need to be feed regularly
With physical maturation eventually less night time fussiness - a regular routine can help with sleep patterns
What are newborns visual ability
- can see but acuity is very poor
- Newborns can see about 20-25cm
- They can track moving objects and scan interesting sights
What are 6 month olds visual ability
- improved to near adult level - improved scanning and tracking
- Scanning enhances perception and perception enhances scanning
- Developing knowledge of objects and event promotes pattern perception - facial recognition
What are infants auditory ability
- most infants can hear at birth
- They can hear the difference between sound patterns such as 2 syllables as opposed to 3, and happy vs negative tones of speech
- 3 days old should be able to turn eyes and head to sounds
What is the moro reflex
Time = 28 weeks and it matures into the adult startle reflex at around 5 months
How to elicit = Dropping or startling the infant
Expected Response = Baby throwing arms outwards, arching their back then brings arms back together
Functions = Protection - trying to grab something to stop themselves from falling and to protect the head
What is the grasping reflec
Time = 28 weeks and disappears by 3 months as it turns into voluntary grasping
How to elicit = Putting something in the infants palm
Expected Response = curling fingers around any small object put in their hands
Function = Reinforces a connection with the primary care giver
What is the tonic neck reflec/asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
Time = Birth - 2 months , and should disappear by 2-3 months
How to elicit = turning the infants head to the side when lying down
Expected Response = When laid on back head turns to side and arm and leg extend to the same side - limbs on opposite side flex
What is the babinski reflex
Time: Disappears 8-12 months
How to elicit = Stroke the foot
Expected Response = toes spread, planter flexions (foot flexes), dorsiflexion (big toe flexes)
Function = to test the integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) – if it is still working after a certain amount of time then there is an issue – sign of neurological damage – also a problem if it doesn’t occur during the initial months
What is the rooting reflex (survival)
stroking of cheek –> baby head turns to side stroked and mouth opens ready to feed
function = orients child to breast or bottle
weakens and disappears by 6 months
What are gravity reflexes
helps maintain posture in a changing environment
typically appear after 2 months
remains for life - important for balance, stability, postural tone, muscle tone
What is the head righting reflex (postural)
reaction to gravity to ensure head maintains a midline position despite movements of other parts of body
develop from 6 weeks
What is the segmental rolling reflex (postural)
allowing rolling, sitting, crawling and standing
develop at 6 months
What is the parachute postural reflex
Arms being put out when falling
develops after 7 months
what are the first gross motor skills
Involves the large muscles of the arms, leg and torso
- crawling
- walking
-jumping
What are the first fine motor skills developed
- reaching
- grasping
at what age is the ulnar grasp replaced with pincer grasp (use of thumb and forefinger
12 months
define attention
ability to focus these cognitive processes such as perception, memory and thinking on a particular task
define perception
the brain’s immediate or direct organisation and interpretation of sensations through the senses
how to infants show signs of recognition of people, objects, activities
- cooing
- stretchingout of arms
- crawling/walking towards familar person
What is habituation
the tendency to get used to and ignore stimuli which has been experienced repeatedly
what visuals do newborns prefer
images with
- contours and edges of light and dark
what visual images for 2-3 months prefer
images of complexity and curvature
humans faces have these qualities as do other images and objects
what is object constancy
perception that an object remains the same despite concept changes in the sensations it sends to the eye (shape constancy and size constancy)
What is depth perception
refers to a sense of how far away object are or appear to be and the ability to judge the distance of objects from each other and form ourselves
infants begin to develop this skill as soon as they can focus on objects at different distances (2 - 3 months)
crawling skills may enable distances to be perceived more accurately
Are infants able to anticipate visual events
No - infants may be forming rudimentary generalizations about what they see, such as where to look to see another friendly smile
can newborns respond to sound
Yes
What are infants auditory thinking
- 2 months can orient their heads towards certain noises
- infants more capable of locating high pitched sounds than low pitched
What is sensorimotor intelligence
- doing things to and with objects around them
- knowledge comes from action
- knowledge seen as a process or repertoire of actions, rather than as stored information
What is symbolic thinking
Being able to mentally represent or think about a car without actually touching or seeing one
infants can work out solutions with mental combinations rather than trial and error
this marks the end of infancy and the beginning of the next stage
What does sensorimotor intelligence develop from
- assimilation
- accommodation
define assimilation
Ability to interpret new experiences while using knowledge about something else learned in the past
e.g. thinking an apple can bounce because it is ball shaped and balls can bounce
what is accommodation
modifying an existing thought to fit a new experience
e.g. learning that an apple is for eating not for bouncing
What is stage 1 of infant development
early reflexes
0 -1 month
e.g.
what is stage 2 of infant development
primary circular reactions
1-4 months
- behaviour becomes less reflexive
- able to coordinate their senses and eyes to direct grasping motions
- repeated motor actions for no reason e.g. waving an arm or kicking repeatedly
what are primary circular reactions
repetitive intentional actions related to the body –> they are immersions of greater control over the body – they link intention and thought to action – stops from being reflexes e.g. repeated arm movement, making sounds
What is stage 3 of infant development
Secondary Circular Reactions
- combining schemes
e.g. reach towards an object (one scheme) discover that it is now possible to grasp the object (another scheme)
What is secondary circular reactions
actions have reactions are learnt repetitive intentional action relating to the environment (interacting with something or someone) – beginning of understanding to interact the environment – learns that they are separate form the environment increases interest in othering things -
What is stage 4 of infant development
Combined secondary circular reactions 8- 12 months
- infant actions are intentionally done to get a goal e.g. push one object aside to grasp another
Object permanence
- objects exist separately from their own actions and continue to exist even when they can not see them
What is stage 5 of infant development
tertiary circular reactions 12-18 months
- now when dealing with a new object bab runs through a repertoire of schemes in a trial and error manner to learn about the object’s properties
- developing ability to experiment leads to more advanced understanding of object permeances
- they look in several locations for a hidden toy
What is stage 6 of infant development
the first symbols
18-24 months
- transitional period between sensorimotor and preoperational stage
- able to imagine actions and solve problem mentally rather than trial and error
- true object permeance now possible
what is true object permanence now possible
stage 6 - the first symbols 18 - 24 months
What is the importance of tummy time
- Helps develop upper body motor skills – teach them to push up from a surface
- Strengths back and head muscles
- Important foundations for motor skills and movement
What cognitive stage are infants in according to piaget
sensory motor
