Week 3 - Psychosocial and cognitive development 0-2 years

Question 1

between 18 - 24 months how many words do children learn a day

Answer 1

5 -6 new words per day

Question 2

How many words for in a 6 year olds vocabulary

Answer 2

10, 000 words

Question 3

what is referential style of speech

Answer 3

referring to objects/objective events

Question 4

what is expressive style of speech

Answer 4

referring to feelings and relationships

Question 5

what is the more common type of speech in children 0-2

Answer 5

referential style

Question 6

what is cooing

Answer 6

repeated vowel sounds
e.g. ooh, aah

Question 7

What is babbling

Answer 7

consonant vowel strings in increasing complex ways
between 4 - 8 months
e.g. baba, mama, bobo

Question 8

what is parentese

Answer 8

caregiver speech
- shorter sentences
- simpler vocab
- slow speech
- high pitch
- repetition

Question 9

what is fast mapping

Answer 9

• ability to connect a word with it’s underlying concept after a brief experience with the word

Question 10

how does the parent’s mental portrait of their child evolve over time

Answer 10

• it is continually updated based on interactions and experiences with the child

Question 11

what is a mental portrait of a child

Answer 11

what the parent whats their child to be like before they are born
once borne this mental portrait can continue to influence the parent internal experiences and expectations
mental portrait is under continual revision based on the interactions and experiences with their baby

Question 12

what is infant synchrony

Answer 12

• Matching of care giver and infant of emotional states
• patter of interaction involving close coordination and teamwork
  e.g. each waits for the other to finished before responding
  maintain and break eye contact at regular intervals

Question 13

What are the 4 types of cries

Answer 13

• basic hunger cry
• angry cry
• pain cry
• fussy irregular cry

Question 14

Define temperament

Answer 14

the infants characteristic way of feeling and responding that depicts differences in self regulation and reactivity

Question 15

Define reactivity

Answer 15

Refers to variations among individuals in emotional arousal, motor activity and attention

Question 16

define self regulation

Answer 16

Strategies that modify and adjust reactivity

Question 17

What are the 4 different types of temperament

Answer 17

• easy babies (positive moods, regular bodily functions, good adaptation to new situations)
• difficult babies (negative moods, irregular bodily functions, high stress in new situations)
• slow to warm up babies(resembled difficult babies, but less extreme, moody and relatively unadaptable, did not react vigorously to new stimuli)
• mixed pattern babies (did not fit neatly into any of the other groups, unique blended pattern)

Question 18

What is the most common baby temperament

Answer 18

• easy babies (40%)
• mixed pattern babies (35%)
• slow to warm up babies (15%)
• difficult babies (10%)

Question 19

What are examples of signaling behaviours

Answer 19

• crying
• cooing
• babbling

Question 20

What are examples of approach behaviours

Answer 20

• smiling
• clinging
• non nutritional sucking
• following or gazing

Question 21

what is the strange situation

Answer 21

By Mary Ainsworth
where an infant is presented with a cumulative series of stressful experiences:
- being in an unfamiliar place
- meeting a stranger
- being separated from the caregiver

Question 22

What are the 4 different attachment styles

Answer 22

• secure attachment
• anxious resistant (ambivalent)
• Avoidant
• Disorganized - disorientated

Question 23

Describe secure attachment

Answer 23

• confident that their caregiver will meet their needs
• they show distress when the caregiver leaves but are easily comforted when the caregiver returns

Question 24

describe avoidant attachment

Answer 24

• do not show a strong preference for their caregiver over a stranger
• they tend to avoid seeking comfort from their caregiver and may appear emotionally distant or indifferent
• in the stranger situation they the child doesn’t show distress when the caregiver leaves and avoid contact upon their return

Question 25

describe ambivalent/resistant attachment

Answer 25

• shows intense dependency and clinginess towards their caregiver but also display resistance or difficulty being comforted when distressed
• they become distressed when the caregiver leaves but are ambivalent upon their return - seeking contact but also resisting

Question 26

Describe disorganised attachment

Answer 26

• often results from inconsistent or frightening behaviour by the caregiver.
  child displays a mixed of avoidant, resistant and confused behaviour
• in the stranger situation children may display contradictory behaviours such as approaching the caregiver but with averted gaze or freezing when the caregiver returns

Question 27

what is self description and self evaluation

Answer 27

cognitive competence and vocabulary to describe and represent themselves in terms of physical characteristics such as size, type of hair,, eye colour

Question 28

What is self esteem

Answer 28

a Childs feeling that they are important, competent, powerful and worthwhile person, whose efforts to be autonomous and take initiative are respected and values around them

Question 29

What are early emotions expressed in infancy

Answer 29

• joy and laughter 3-4 months
• wariness 3-4 months
• anger 4-7 months
• fear 5-8 months
  also
  shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy and pride during toddlerhood

Question 30

What is attachment

Answer 30

the strong and enduring emotional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver during the infant’s first year of life