Week 1 - Beginnings forming a new life + theories

Question 1

What are the different stages of prenatal development

Answer 1

1. Conception -zygote
2. Germinal (0-2weeks) - blastocyst implants in uterus wall
3. Embryonic (3-8 weeks)
4. Foetal (9 weeks - birth)

Question 2

What ways do humans develop

Answer 2

• head to tail (cephalocaudual)
• centre to extremities (proximodistal)

Question 3

What is canalisation

Answer 3

Ability of an organism to produce a consistent phenotype despite variability in the environment or genotype

Question 4

What are teratogens

Answer 4

Factors that interfere with healthy development e.g. the mother smoking or drinking alcohol can increase developmental abnormalities, illness in the mother, significance psychological trauma
(critical periods)

Question 5

What age is infancy and toddlerhood

Answer 5

first 2-3 years
0-3

Question 6

What age is early childhood

Answer 6

3-6

Question 7

What age is middle childhood

Answer 7

6-11

Question 8

What age is adolescence

Answer 8

11-20

Question 9

What age is young adulthood

Answer 9

20-40

Question 10

What age is middle adulthood

Answer 10

40-65

Question 11

What age is late adulthood

Answer 11

65 year >

Question 12

What are the 3 domains of human development

Answer 12

• physical development
• cognitive development
• psychosocial development

Question 13

What includes physical development domain

Answer 13

• biological
• growth of body,
• sensory,
• motor skills

Question 14

What is the cognitive development domain

Answer 14

• thought/intellect
• learning memory,
• decision making,
• attention span

Question 15

What is included in psychosocial domain

Answer 15

• personality,
• social relationships,
• feelings
• identity

Question 16

What are the psychosocial theories

Answer 16

• erikson’s theory

Question 17

What are the learning theories

Answer 17

• operant conditioning (skinner)
• traditional conditioning (Pavolv)
• social cognitive learning (Bandura)

Question 18

What are the cognitive developmental theories

Answer 18

• piagets cognitive stages
• information processing theory

Question 19

What are the contextual development theorys

Answer 19

• bronfenbrenner
• vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Question 20

What is erikson’s theory

Answer 20

• identifies 8 stages of development
• each in the form of a crisis/conflict
• the person must resolve to develop a fully functioning personality
• Development of virtue
• Focused on the social and cultural influences
• Conflicts that are never fully resolved in earlier stages may affect later development

Question 21

Answer 21

trust vs mistrust
hope

Question 22

Answer 22

autonomy vs shame and doubt
will

Question 23

Answer 23

Initiative vs guilt
purpose

Question 24

Answer 24

industry vs inferiority
competence

Question 25

Answer 25

identity vs role confusion fidelity (faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support.)

Question 26

Answer 26

intimacy vs isolation Love

Question 27

What is skinners operant conditioning theory

Answer 27

- Change a behaviour based on what happens after the behaviour - Once a behaviour happens use a reinforcement or a punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of repeated behaviour - Includes positive and negative reinforcement e.g. getting ice-cream after getting good grades Negative reinforcement = When something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behaviour happening again (can be good or bad) e.g. not having to do chores for a week after getting good grades

Question 28

What is Pavlov's traditional conditioning theory

Answer 28

- The dog salivating at a bell - Change a behaviour based on what happens before the behaviour happens - Use a stimulus to elicit a behaviour - Stimulus --> behaviour e.g. Example As a child, perhaps you were given a special treat or privilege upon earning good grades on report cards or progress reports. You may have begun to associate good grades with a special treat.

Question 29

What is piaget's cognitive stages theory

Answer 29

There are 4 stages of cognitive development. He argued that younger people aren’t less intelligent than adults but they think differently. There are qualitative and quantitative ways in which humans think differently as they age.

Question 30

what are the 4 major stages is piaget's theory

Answer 30

- sensorimotor - preoperational - concrete operations - formal operations

Question 31

what age is the sensorimotor stage

Answer 31

birth - 2 years

Question 32

What age is the preoperational stage

Answer 32

2-7

Question 33

What age is concrete operations

Answer 33

7-11

Question 34

What age is formal operations stage

Answer 34

11 yrs - through adulthood

Question 35

What is bronfenbrenner's theory

Answer 35

There is a person functioning within a complex of different systems which range from different closeness to the individual. Interaction between these different systems and how it impacts an individual. This model explains how various environmental factors interact and influence human development across the lifespan. - microsystem - mesosystem - exosystem - macrosystem

Question 36

What is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Answer 36

- Emphasizes social interaction in development - Zone of proximal development Emphasises social interaction in development. Through social interaction children will have a higher mental function.

Question 37

what is the zone of proximal development

Answer 37

how much more an individual can develop above their own capacity

Question 38

what is potential capacity

Answer 38

ZPD + child’s own capacity With social interaction an individual can achieve more than the individual own capacity.