Week 1 - Beginnings forming a new life + theories Flashcards
What are the different stages of prenatal development
- Conception -zygote
- Germinal (0-2weeks) - blastocyst implants in uterus wall
- Embryonic (3-8 weeks)
- Foetal (9 weeks - birth)
What ways do humans develop
- head to tail (cephalocaudual)
- centre to extremities (proximodistal)
What is canalisation
Ability of an organism to produce a consistent phenotype despite variability in the environment or genotype
What are teratogens
Factors that interfere with healthy development e.g. the mother smoking or drinking alcohol can increase developmental abnormalities, illness in the mother, significance psychological trauma
(critical periods)
What age is infancy and toddlerhood
first 2-3 years
0-3
What age is early childhood
3-6
What age is middle childhood
6-11
What age is adolescence
11-20
What age is young adulthood
20-40
What age is middle adulthood
40-65
What age is late adulthood
65 year >
What are the 3 domains of human development
- physical development
- cognitive development
- psychosocial development
What includes physical development domain
- biological
- growth of body,
- sensory,
- motor skills
What is the cognitive development domain
- thought/intellect
- learning memory,
- decision making,
- attention span
What is included in psychosocial domain
- personality,
- social relationships,
- feelings
- identity
What are the psychosocial theories
- erikson’s theory
What are the learning theories
- operant conditioning (skinner)
- traditional conditioning (Pavolv)
- social cognitive learning (Bandura)
What are the cognitive developmental theories
- piagets cognitive stages
- information processing theory
What are the contextual development theorys
- bronfenbrenner
- vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
What is erikson’s theory
- identifies 8 stages of development
- each in the form of a crisis/conflict
- the person must resolve to develop a fully functioning personality
- Development of virtue
- Focused on the social and cultural influences
- Conflicts that are never fully resolved in earlier stages may affect later development
trust vs mistrust
hope
autonomy vs shame and doubt
will
Initiative vs guilt
purpose
industry vs inferiority
competence
identity vs role confusion
fidelity (faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support.)
intimacy vs isolation
Love
What is skinners operant conditioning theory
- Change a behaviour based on what happens after the behaviour
- Once a behaviour happens use a reinforcement or a punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of repeated behaviour
- Includes positive and negative reinforcement
e.g. getting ice-cream after getting good grades Negative reinforcement = When something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behaviour happening again (can be good or bad) e.g. not having to do chores for a week after getting good grades
What is Pavlov’s traditional conditioning theory
- The dog salivating at a bell
- Change a behaviour based on what happens before the behaviour happens
- Use a stimulus to elicit a behaviour
- Stimulus –> behaviour
e.g. Example As a child, perhaps you were given a special treat or privilege upon earning good grades on report cards or progress reports. You may have begun to associate good grades with a special treat.
What is piaget’s cognitive stages theory
There are 4 stages of cognitive development. He argued that younger people aren’t less intelligent than adults but they think differently. There are qualitative and quantitative ways in which humans think differently as they age.
what are the 4 major stages is piaget’s theory
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operations
- formal operations
what age is the sensorimotor stage
birth - 2 years
What age is the preoperational stage
2-7
What age is concrete operations
7-11
What age is formal operations stage
11 yrs - through adulthood
What is bronfenbrenner’s theory
There is a person functioning within a complex of different systems which range from different closeness to the individual. Interaction between these different systems and how it impacts an individual.
This model explains how various environmental factors interact and influence human development across the lifespan.
- microsystem
- mesosystem
- exosystem
- macrosystem
What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
- Emphasizes social interaction in development
- Zone of proximal development
Emphasises social interaction in development. Through social interaction children will have a higher mental function.
what is the zone of proximal development
how much more an individual can develop above their own capacity
what is potential capacity
ZPD + child’s own capacity With social interaction an individual can achieve more than the individual own capacity.
