Week 5 - Early Childhood Psychosocial development Flashcards
What age is early childhood
2-6 yrs
what is sense of self
structured way individuals think about themselves, helps to organise and understand who they are based on the views of others, own experiences and cultural categories e.g. gender
- up until 5 describe self using concrete and observable terms
what are the 4 parenting styles
- authoritative
- authoritarian
- permissive
- uninvolved
what are the outcomes of authoritative parenting styles
- high self esteem
- moral standards
- maturity
- academic success
What are the outcomes of authoritarian parenting style
- anxiety
- withdrawal
- low self esteem
what is the outcome of permissive parenting style
- impulsivity
- disobedience
- rebelliousness
What are the outcomes of uninvolved parenting style
- poor social emotional development
- self control
- low self esteem
how did sarachoand spodek define play as
- intrinsically not extrinsically motivated
- process - not product -oriented
- creative and non literal
- has implicit rules
- spontaneous and self initiated
- free from major emotional distress
what are the 4 different types of play according to grusec and lytton
- functional play
- constructive play
- pretend play
- games with rules
what is functional play
simple repetitive movements, sometimes with objects or own body. for example shoveling sand, pushing a toy, jumping up and down
what is constructive play
manipulation of objects in order to construct something for example building with blocks
what is pretend play
substitutes make believe, imaginary and dramatic situations for real ones. For example playing house or superman
what is games with rules
play is more formal and is governed by fixed rules. For examples, hopscotch, hide and seek
what is the role of play is erikson’s theory
- importance of fantasy, pretend play, opportunity to gain mastery over anxiety and conflicts
- release of upsetting feelings
- gain satisfaction in fantasy world
what is prosocial behaviour
- selflessness
- altruism
- helpfulness
- sharing
- sympathy
this emerges during early childhood and increases with age due to gains in cognitive functioning and social skills
What is antisocial behaviour
aggression
- instrumental aggression
- hostile aggresions (physical, verbal, relational)
- reactive aggression
- proactive aggression
Describe antisocial behaviour in young childhood
early pre schoolers have a high instrumental aggression - declines with age while hostile aggression increase
hostile aggression first dominated by physical aggression, then towards end of childhood declines and verbal aggression increases
Describe simple toys
- Play is open ended
- Toys are used in several ways
- Can inspire creativity
Describe complex toys
- Close ended
- Used in one way
- May lose their “shine” quickly – meaning that the kid can get bored of the toy
What are the difference between sex and gender
Sex = determined by the biological differences in chromosomes XY, XX
Gender = the sociocultural differences between being male and female (personality traits, social behaviours and physical appearance)
What is the biological theory for gender role development
gender roles are influenced by biological factors such as genetics, hormones, and brain structure
Inherent biological differences between males and females lead to distinct behaviours and roles in society
What is the cognitive theory for gender role development
the role of cognitive processes in understanding and internalizing gender roles. This theory suggests that children actively construct their understanding of gender through observation, interpretation, and categorization
What is the learning theories for gender role development
gender roles are learned behaviors shaped through reinforcement, punishment, and socialization. This theory focuses on how individuals acquire gendered behaviors through interactions with their environment.
what is the gender schema theory
cognitive theory of gender development that explains how individuals learn and internalize gender roles and behaviors
includes:
- stereotypes, expectations and behaviours associated with being male or female
What is unoccupied play
the child wanders about, watching whatever is of momentary interest, but does not become involved in any activity
What is solitary play
the child plays alone with different toys or other objects and with no direct or indirect awareness of or involvement with other children, even if nearby
what is onlooker play
A child watches others play without actually entering into the activities, is clearly involved with what’s happening and usually is within speaking distance of the participants
What is parallel play
Involves two or more children playing side by side in close proximity and with an awareness of each other’s presence often with the same toys or enjoying a similar activity, but do not share toys, talk or interact except in very minimal ways
What is associative play
children engaged in a common activity and talk about it with each other, but do not assign tasks or roles to particular individuals and are not very clear about their goals
What is cooperative play
Children consciously from into groups to make something, attain a goal or dramatize a situation, one or two members organise and direct the activity with children assuming different roles and responsibilities
