Week 5 - Early Childhood Psychosocial development

Question 1

What age is early childhood

Answer 1

2-6 yrs

Question 2

what is sense of self

Answer 2

structured way individuals think about themselves, helps to organise and understand who they are based on the views of others, own experiences and cultural categories e.g. gender
- up until 5 describe self using concrete and observable terms

Question 3

what are the 4 parenting styles

Answer 3

• authoritative
• authoritarian
• permissive
• uninvolved

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

what are the outcomes of authoritative parenting styles

Answer 8

• high self esteem
• moral standards
• maturity
• academic success

Question 9

What are the outcomes of authoritarian parenting style

Answer 9

• anxiety
• withdrawal
• low self esteem

Question 10

what is the outcome of permissive parenting style

Answer 10

• impulsivity
• disobedience
• rebelliousness

Question 11

What are the outcomes of uninvolved parenting style

Answer 11

• poor social emotional development
• self control
• low self esteem

Question 12

how did sarachoand spodek define play as

Answer 12

• intrinsically not extrinsically motivated
• process - not product -oriented
• creative and non literal
• has implicit rules
• spontaneous and self initiated
• free from major emotional distress

Question 13

what are the 4 different types of play according to grusec and lytton

Answer 13

• functional play
• constructive play
• pretend play
• games with rules

Question 14

what is functional play

Answer 14

simple repetitive movements, sometimes with objects or own body. for example shoveling sand, pushing a toy, jumping up and down

Question 15

what is constructive play

Answer 15

manipulation of objects in order to construct something for example building with blocks

Question 16

what is pretend play

Answer 16

substitutes make believe, imaginary and dramatic situations for real ones. For example playing house or superman

Question 17

what is games with rules

Answer 17

play is more formal and is governed by fixed rules. For examples, hopscotch, hide and seek

Question 18

what is the role of play is erikson’s theory

Answer 18

• importance of fantasy, pretend play, opportunity to gain mastery over anxiety and conflicts
• release of upsetting feelings
• gain satisfaction in fantasy world

Question 19

what is prosocial behaviour

Answer 19

• selflessness
• altruism
• helpfulness
• sharing
• sympathy

this emerges during early childhood and increases with age due to gains in cognitive functioning and social skills

Question 20

What is antisocial behaviour

Answer 20

aggression
- instrumental aggression
- hostile aggresions (physical, verbal, relational)
- reactive aggression
- proactive aggression

Question 21

Describe antisocial behaviour in young childhood

Answer 21

early pre schoolers have a high instrumental aggression - declines with age while hostile aggression increase

hostile aggression first dominated by physical aggression, then towards end of childhood declines and verbal aggression increases

Question 22

Describe simple toys

Answer 22

• Play is open ended
• Toys are used in several ways
• Can inspire creativity

Question 23

Describe complex toys

Answer 23

• Close ended
• Used in one way
• May lose their “shine” quickly – meaning that the kid can get bored of the toy

Question 24

What are the difference between sex and gender

Answer 24

Sex = determined by the biological differences in chromosomes XY, XX

Gender = the sociocultural differences between being male and female (personality traits, social behaviours and physical appearance)

Question 25

What is the biological theory for gender role development

Answer 25

gender roles are influenced by biological factors such as genetics, hormones, and brain structure Inherent biological differences between males and females lead to distinct behaviours and roles in society

Question 26

What is the cognitive theory for gender role development

Answer 26

the role of cognitive processes in understanding and internalizing gender roles. This theory suggests that children actively construct their understanding of gender through observation, interpretation, and categorization

Question 27

What is the learning theories for gender role development

Answer 27

gender roles are learned behaviors shaped through reinforcement, punishment, and socialization. This theory focuses on how individuals acquire gendered behaviors through interactions with their environment.

Question 28

what is the gender schema theory

Answer 28

cognitive theory of gender development that explains how individuals learn and internalize gender roles and behaviors includes: - stereotypes, expectations and behaviours associated with being male or female

Question 29

What is unoccupied play

Answer 29

the child wanders about, watching whatever is of momentary interest, but does not become involved in any activity

Question 30

What is solitary play

Answer 30

the child plays alone with different toys or other objects and with no direct or indirect awareness of or involvement with other children, even if nearby

Question 31

what is onlooker play

Answer 31

A child watches others play without actually entering into the activities, is clearly involved with what's happening and usually is within speaking distance of the participants

Question 32

What is parallel play

Answer 32

Involves two or more children playing side by side in close proximity and with an awareness of each other's presence often with the same toys or enjoying a similar activity, but do not share toys, talk or interact except in very minimal ways

Question 33

What is associative play

Answer 33

children engaged in a common activity and talk about it with each other, but do not assign tasks or roles to particular individuals and are not very clear about their goals

Question 34

What is cooperative play

Answer 34

Children consciously from into groups to make something, attain a goal or dramatize a situation, one or two members organise and direct the activity with children assuming different roles and responsibilities