Week 7

Question 1

What is data dredging?

Answer 1

making false conclusions

Question 2

What must be done for statistical analysis?

Answer 2

summarise entire sample, describe and compare groups in the sample, find evidence about effectiveness, generalise to larger population

Question 3

What are measures of central tendency?

Answer 3

mean, median, mode

Question 4

What are measures of dispersion?

Answer 4

standard deviation, minimum and maximum, range

Question 5

What is P value?

Answer 5

probability that a particular outcome would have arisen by chance

Question 6

What are confidence intervals?

Answer 6

describes the amount of uncertainty associated with a sample estimate of a population parameter

Question 7

What is the minimum important difference?

Answer 7

smallest improvement in health that makes the treatment worth the time, effort, expense and risk

Question 8

What are the aims of qualitative research?

Answer 8

• Describe world beyond individual person’s experience
• Gain knowledge applying to a population beyond the individual or sample
• Rest ideas
• Enable predictions
• Reveal scientific principles and laws of nature

Question 9

Intervention studies

Answer 9

researchers bring about change then measure it

Question 10

Observational studies

Answer 10

• No deliberate treatments, but researchers allow events to happen
• Observe what happens passively
• Used when interventions are impractical or unethical

Question 11

Prospective study

Answer 11

working forwards

Question 12

Retrospective

Answer 12

working backwards

Question 13

Longitudinal

Answer 13

tracks people over time

Question 14

Cross-sectional

Answer 14

working at a single point in time, rather than following people

Question 15

Reliability

Answer 15

consistency over repeated measurements

Question 16

Intra-rater

Answer 16

repeated by same person

Question 17

Inter-rater

Answer 17

measurement by at least 2 people

Question 18

Test-retest

Answer 18

repeated measurements over the same time

Question 19

alternate/parallel

Answer 19

measuring equipment instead of people

Question 20

Validity

Answer 20

accuracy of measurements, does a test measure what it claims to measure?

Question 21

Construct validity

Answer 21

measures concept/idea that developers intend it to measure

Question 22

Content validity

Answer 22

measures all or part of what its supposed to measure

Question 23

Face validity

Answer 23

appears to measure what it’s supposed to measure, taken seriously by people taking test

Question 24

Internal consistency validity

Answer 24

questions on a test measure the same concept