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zEvidence Informed Health Practice > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three ways for searching for evidence?

A
  • informally, recreationally
  • focused, looking for answers
  • surveying existing literature
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2
Q

Informally searching for evidence

A

google searches, social media

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3
Q

Focused, looking for answers

A
  • usually related to questions that have occurred in a clinical setting
  • synthesizing information
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4
Q

Surveying existing literature

A

clarifying gaps in knowledge, clinical audit

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5
Q

What is primary research?

A

a single research study

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6
Q

What is secondary research?

A

synthesized findings, takes form of a literature review

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7
Q

What is bias?

A

a systematic error or deviation from the truth in resulsts of inferences

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8
Q

What are the 6 types of study designs?

A
  • intervention
  • diagnostic
  • aetiological
  • prognostic
  • screening intervention
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9
Q

What are the types of bias found in intervention studies?

A
  • allocation
  • detection
  • performed
  • attrition
  • measurement
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10
Q

Allocation bias

A

differences between treatment and control conditions at the start

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11
Q

Detection

A

differences in how treatment and control groups are assessed or measured

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12
Q

Performed

A

events other than intended occur during experiment

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13
Q

Attrition

A

some participants leave the study, or unwanted differences between groups

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14
Q

Measurement

A

outcomes measured inaccurately

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15
Q

What is levels of evidence?

A

to what degree, based on study design, can information be trusted

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16
Q

What has occurred in secondary research?

A
  • examine multiple primary sources
  • summarised research papers
  • combined findings to provide strong evidence
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17
Q

What are Boolean operators?

A

words/connectors placed between search terms to narrow or expand a search

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18
Q

What are common Boolean operators?

A

or, and, not

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19
Q

What is truncation?

A

identifies variations of a word without the need to individually enter each word

20
Q

What are wildcards?

A

enables entering one search term to account for many different ways a word can be spelt, uses a question mark

21
Q

What is a federated search engine?

A

allows the simultaneous search of multiple searchable resources - make a single query that is distributed to search engines in the federation

22
Q

What is the National Health and Medical Research Council?

A

gvt organisation offering expert advice about health and medical research, ethical healthcare and health research

23
Q

What is an intervention study?

A

a sample of patients are treated with the disorder and changes to the patient’s condition is measured
this is then compared to patients who were not treated

24
Q

What is a diagnotic study?

A

measured how well an assessment identifies people with a specific disease

25
Q

What is an aetiological study?

A

measures association between people’s exposure to a suspected hazard and rates of disease among the same people

26
Q

What is a prognostic study?

A

records what happens to people who have a specific health condition, especially in cases where the condition is untreated/

27
Q

What is a screening intervention?

A

a large number of people without signs are tested. Where the patient may have the condition, measure whether follow-up procedures lead to a benefit or harm

28
Q

Systematic reviews of RCTs

A

-level 1
+more reliable, less bias
-expensive, time consuming, not good for new studies

29
Q

RCTs

A

-level 2
-participants are randomly selected into control and intervention groups
+less bias, more reliable
-issues with ethics

30
Q

Quasi

A

-non-randomised RCT
+can use specific groups, doesn’t take much time
-more biased

31
Q

Cohort

A

-level 4
-observational study on a group of people over time
-longitudinal, exposure, follow-up
+specific
-people not completing the follow-up (waste money)

32
Q

Case control

A

-comparative study with control and case groups
-cause group has condition, other doesn’t
+allows researchers to look at specific cases
-biased, can be hard to find people with a rare disease

33
Q

Cross section

A

-snapshot of a population at a given time
-eg census
+lots of information
-reporting bias

34
Q

Anecdotes

A

-stories
+takes into account people’s experiences
-lots of bias

35
Q

What is an experimental study?

A
  • quasi and RCT
  • able to find a cause because two groups are compared
  • intervention
36
Q

What is an observational study?

A
  • systematic review, cohort, case control, cross-sectional, anecdotes
  • cannot say one thing causes another as there are confounding variable s
37
Q

What are the types of biases involved in systematic reviews?

A
  • publication
  • time lag
  • duplicated publication
  • outcome reporting
  • citation
  • database inclusion
  • language
  • reviewer’s personal biases
38
Q

Publication bias

A

studies researching an unpopular topic don’t get published –> evidence is unavailable

39
Q

Time lag bias

A

delays in publication prevent practitioners using research

40
Q

Duplicated publication bias

A

same results from the same study are repeatedly published, suggesting there is more evidence than there really is

41
Q

Outcome reporting bias

A

desirable, expected or statistically significant resulsts are published, even though other results are equally valid and informative

42
Q

Citation bias

A

reviewers are more likely to find a study cited by lots of authors

43
Q

Database inclusion bias

A

studies are more easily found if they are available from online databases

44
Q

Language bias

A

researchers will have a preference for studies published in their own langauge

45
Q

Reviewer’s personal bias

A

reviews may unfairly exclude an article because they don’t like the topic or result, even though the results are valid and relevant

46
Q

According to the NHMRC, what should be evaluated when choosing evidence?

A
  • amount of evidence
  • quality of evidence
  • level of evidence
  • consistency of evidence
  • clinical importance
  • generalisabiliy
  • applicability
47
Q

What is a clinical practice guideline?

A

educational document with recommendations for patient care for a named health condition
-doesn’t tell health practitioners what to do, but gives an evidence-based suggestion

zEvidence Informed Health Practice (10 decks)

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