week 7 (2)

Question 1

culture

Answer 1

A social system that is characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to people and events by its members

Question 2

social psychology

Answer 2

Social Psy: social behavior of “the human”
Japan = Europe
Behaviour is universal

etic = from outside (from the perspective of the observer)

Question 3

Cross-cultural psychology

Answer 3

differences between cultures
Japan ≠ Europe
Although processes behind behaviour is universal, how behaviour is expressed might differ.

emic = rom within the social group (from the perspective of the subject)

Question 4

weird

Answer 4

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic

Question 5

visual perception : Muller-Lyer Illusion

Answer 5

Which line is longer?

Cultural differences in susceptibility to this illusion

Question 6

Three approaches to studying culture

Answer 6

• Measuring” characteristics of culture
• Studying cultural differences in behavior
• Understanding cultural processes

Question 7

Measuring Culture, Hofstede

Answer 7

Power distance

Individualism-collectivism

Masculinity/femininity

Uncertainty avoidance

Question 8

Cultural differences

Answer 8

• Differences in cognitive style
• Differences in self-construals (independent vs. interdependent)
• Differences in group processes
• Differences in intercultural processes

Question 9

Culture leading to differences in cognitive style

Answer 9

Analytic versus holistic cognitive style?

Collectivistic societies think more ‘holistically’, more eye for the overall and relations between its parts

Question 10

Line and Frame Test

Answer 10

square = 90mm tall
line= 30 mm/one third of height square

absolute task = 30 mm
relative task = one third

Question 11

detecting changes US vs. Japan

Fishtank experiment

Answer 11

Americans detect more changes in the focal object
Japanese detect more changes in the background

picture of a fishtanks with fishes as focal object and little things like frogs in the background

Question 12

holistic

Answer 12

Emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts.

japan

Question 13

analytic

Answer 13

the “having the ability to analyze” or “division into elements or principles”

america

Question 14

Correspondence Bias

Answer 14

• When observing someone else’s behaviour
• attributing it to dispositions
• ignoring the influence of situational factors on someone else’s behaviour

Americans higher than Japanese

Question 15

priming culture via language

Answer 15

Using “I” often, priming individualism

Using “we” often, priming collectivism

Question 16

Independent self

Answer 16

Self concept determined by differences with regard to others

Question 17

Interdependent self

Answer 17

Self concept determined by relationships and communalities with others

Question 18

Differences in group processes

Answer 18

More conformity in collectivistic countries

Less social-loafing in collectivistic countries

Question 19

berry’s acculturation model

Answer 19

assimilation, integration, seperation and marginalisation

Question 20

Bicultural identity

Answer 20

Seeing oneself as being a member of two different cultural groups.

Question 21

Bicultural identity integration

Answer 21

When you see your alternate identities compatible with another

Question 22

Low and High Bicultural Identity Integration

Answer 22

Compatible vs. incompatible identities

Question 23

People with low bicultural identity integration

Answer 23

Might feel like an “outsider” more frequently

• Compensating for this feeling by emphasizing the other identity
• The will to assimilate- leading to defensive reactions

Question 24

Different ways of studying culture & explaining differences

Answer 24

Cognitive style,
Group processes,
Intergroup relations

Question 25

6 emotions

Answer 25

``` happiness fear disgust anger sadness surprise ```

Question 26

Paul Ekman: Universal emotions

Answer 26

- All cultures have a word for them - The facial expressions are recognized in all cultures - Emerge in children according to the (same) biologically determined developmental stages

Question 27

Pride

Answer 27

Face: Small smile Not so clear! Posture: Head tilted slightly (+/- 20°) back Expanded posture Hands on hips

Question 28

Pride Recognition

Answer 28

- Western civilisation (Italy & USA) - Preliterate/isolated tribe in Burkina Faso (Tracy & Robins, 2008) Recognized pride in African and White American targets - No-cultural transmission

Question 29

shame

Answer 29

Slumped Shoulders Narrowed Chest Head tilt downward

Question 30

sporter experiment: many nationalities and blind/seeing

Answer 30

For winning, all showed prototypical signs of pride

Question 31

Culturally prescribed rules that govern how emotions can be expressed:

Answer 31

- Rules of social appropriateness - Learned early in life - Automatic / unconscious practice by adulthood

Question 32

The display of shame

Answer 32

may be suppressed due to cultural display rules

Question 33

Westerners

Answer 33

Individualist Individual autonomy Analytic perception Focus on individual See emotions as individual feelings

Question 34

East Asians

Answer 34

Collectivist Social roles & relations Holistic perception Take context into account See emotions as inseparable from feelings of the group.