week 7 (2) Flashcards
culture
A social system that is characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to people and events by its members
social psychology
Social Psy: social behavior of “the human”
Japan = Europe
Behaviour is universal
etic = from outside (from the perspective of the observer)
Cross-cultural psychology
differences between cultures
Japan ≠ Europe
Although processes behind behaviour is universal, how behaviour is expressed might differ.
emic = rom within the social group (from the perspective of the subject)
weird
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic
visual perception : Muller-Lyer Illusion
Which line is longer?
Cultural differences in susceptibility to this illusion
Three approaches to studying culture
- Measuring” characteristics of culture
- Studying cultural differences in behavior
- Understanding cultural processes
Measuring Culture, Hofstede
Power distance
Individualism-collectivism
Masculinity/femininity
Uncertainty avoidance
Cultural differences
- Differences in cognitive style
- Differences in self-construals (independent vs. interdependent)
- Differences in group processes
- Differences in intercultural processes
Culture leading to differences in cognitive style
Analytic versus holistic cognitive style?
Collectivistic societies think more ‘holistically’, more eye for the overall and relations between its parts
Line and Frame Test
square = 90mm tall line= 30 mm/one third of height square
absolute task = 30 mm
relative task = one third
detecting changes US vs. Japan
Fishtank experiment
Americans detect more changes in the focal object
Japanese detect more changes in the background
picture of a fishtanks with fishes as focal object and little things like frogs in the background
holistic
Emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts.
japan
analytic
the “having the ability to analyze” or “division into elements or principles”
america
Correspondence Bias
- When observing someone else’s behaviour
- attributing it to dispositions
- ignoring the influence of situational factors on someone else’s behaviour
Americans higher than Japanese
priming culture via language
Using “I” often, priming individualism
Using “we” often, priming collectivism
Independent self
Self concept determined by differences with regard to others
Interdependent self
Self concept determined by relationships and communalities with others
Differences in group processes
More conformity in collectivistic countries
Less social-loafing in collectivistic countries
berry’s acculturation model
assimilation, integration, seperation and marginalisation
Bicultural identity
Seeing oneself as being a member of two different cultural groups.
Bicultural identity integration
When you see your alternate identities compatible with another
Low and High Bicultural Identity Integration
Compatible vs. incompatible identities
People with low bicultural identity integration
Might feel like an “outsider” more frequently
- Compensating for this feeling by emphasizing the other identity
- The will to assimilate- leading to defensive reactions
Different ways of studying culture & explaining differences
Cognitive style,
Group processes,
Intergroup relations
6 emotions
happiness fear disgust anger sadness surprise
Paul Ekman: Universal emotions
- All cultures have a word for them
- The facial expressions are recognized in all cultures
- Emerge in children according to the (same) biologically determined developmental stages
Pride
Face:
Small smile
Not so clear!
Posture:
Head tilted slightly (+/- 20°) back
Expanded posture
Hands on hips
Pride Recognition
- Western civilisation (Italy & USA)
- Preliterate/isolated tribe in Burkina Faso (Tracy & Robins, 2008) Recognized pride in African and White American targets
- No-cultural transmission
shame
Slumped Shoulders
Narrowed Chest
Head tilt downward
sporter experiment: many nationalities and blind/seeing
For winning, all showed prototypical signs of pride
Culturally prescribed rules that govern how emotions can be expressed:
- Rules of social appropriateness
- Learned early in life
- Automatic / unconscious practice by adulthood
The display of shame
may be suppressed due to cultural display rules
Westerners
Individualist
Individual autonomy
Analytic perception
Focus on individual
See emotions as individual feelings
East Asians
Collectivist
Social roles & relations
Holistic perception
Take context into account
See emotions as inseparable from feelings of the group.
