week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Pro-social behaviour

A

Defined by society as beneficial to other people; excludes behaviours motivated by professional obligations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Altruism

A

Behaviour that has the ultimate goal of benefiting another person, with no anticipation of reward

does it exist?

popular believes

  • self is central
  • behaviour is motivated by self-interest
  • we always consider our own benefit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What motivates people to do unpaid voluntary work?

A

egoistic: for personal satisfaction, had time on my hands
altruistic: compassion for those in need, religious believes, solidarity with the poor and disadvantaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In favor of altruism: Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

A

We care about ourselves
But also for others
We help and make sacrifices to fulfill others’ needs

Empathetic concern

Empathy leading to altruistic motivation!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Empathetic concern

A

A feeling for a person in need

not pity or feeling sorry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is empathy?

A

cognitive component: Understanding the feelings of others and the ability to take their perspective

affective component: An observer’s appropriate emotional response to another person’s emotional state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

A

Seeing another person in distress
-> Vicarious Physiological Arousal/Emotion
-> Labelled as distress for other
->High Emphatic Emotion and Altruistic motivation = help
or
->Labelled as personal distress
->Low Empathic Emotion and Egoistic motivation= help or escape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aversive-arousal reduction

A

When others suffer, we suffer too. In helping others we seek to relieve our own pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Punishment avoidance

A

We help because we fear others will judge us if we don’t. We seek to avoid feeling shame or guilt at not helping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Reward seeking

A

We help because we hope for social rewards or self rewards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cialdini’s Negative-State Relief Model

A

Witnessing distress creates unpleasant mood in observer who is then motivated to act in order to relieve this mood

Therefore actions are based on self-interest rather than altruism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can you test: Batson vs. Cialdini

A

Conditions: Interview of a student in need
-Needs study participants
-Needs information for a university committee
about life at campus

Manipulation 1:
Imagine: how the person in need felt (to induce emotion)
Observe: just listen objectively

Manipulation 2: Read a newspaper article of the same student telling:

  • Same problem as in the interview
  • Different problem

Then they were given the chance to help:
For the problem described in the newspaper article
-Hence for some it was the same task as in the interview
-For some a different task

when imagined in negative state relief model they helped
->You want to relieve your negative affect

when imagined and same problem in E-A hypothesis they helped. the rest didnt.
->You want to solve the particular problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In sum: Pro-social behaviour and altruism

A

Prosocial behaviour can be altruistically motivated

But: need to feel empathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why or when don’t people help?

A

1- Pluralistic ignorance:
2- Audience inhibition
3- Self-efficacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Audience inhibition

A

People are inhibited from helping for fear that other bystanders will evaluate them negatively if they intervene and the situation is not an emergency

17
Q

Self-efficacy

A

an individual’s belief in their innate ability to achieve goals

18
Q

Do we help ingroup people more than outgroup people?

experiment

A

Participants: German or Muslim
Read story about student who is very lonely/has trouble finding a room

Student has cultural background that is either:
Muslim
German

Measure empathy and intention to help fictive student

ingroup -> helping intention because of empathy

19
Q

Does group membership matter?

manchester experiment

A

All participants are Manchester United supporters
Participants fill in questionnaire (Identification with MU)
Manchester United or Football Fan made salient

Participant sent to another building:
Meets jogger wearing MU or Liverpool or unbranded T-shirt (control condition)
Jogger has accident
Does participant help?

MU: with mu shirt helps other barely
football: help mu and liverpool but not control

20
Q

Why do we help others?

A
  • Egoistic motives
  • Altruistic motives
  • Reciprocity beliefs
21
Q

But also, we might help (outgroup) to:

A
  • Maintain, reinforce, or gain power
  • Create a favourable impression
  • Protect the group’s social identity
22
Q

Communicative aspects of help - Being able to help signals

A
  • Competence
  • Control over valuable resources (skills, knowledge, tangible resources)
  • Superiority
23
Q

Communicative aspects of help - Being dependent on help signals

A
  • Incompetence
  • Lack of control over resources
  • Inferiority
24
Q

Different types of help (Nadler)

A
  • Dependency oriented help

- Autonomy-oriented help

25
Dependency oriented help
- providing a full solution to the problem at hand - reflects the helper's view that the needy cannot help themselves - reinforces the differential status of the groups.
26
Autonomy-oriented help
is instrumental for the less powerful group to improve its position and become independent
27
Status of helper and recipient: Receiving assumptive help | experiment
Arab Israeli students (=low status) work on a knowledge test Arab or Jewish (=high status) person offers solution to difficult question The helper gives assistance without being asked to Students report more negative affect, lower self-worth, lower feelings of worthiness as Arabs: when helped by the Jewish rather than the Arab person
28
The downside to helping
strengthening power relations
29
Values
“Desirable transsituational goals varying in importance, which serves as guiding principles in the life of a person or social entity.’’ Values as general motivators of behaviour.
30
values (4)
- altruistic - egoistic - hedonic (pertaining to pleasure:) - biospheric
31
Values and choice for a TV set | experiment
Prime environmental values Hypothetical choice for a TV set Priming biospheric values increased preference of an environmentally-friendly TV set, more so when these values were central to a person.
32
Environmental self-identity
past behavior & biospheric values -> environmental self-identity -> environmental behavior
33
The role of situational factors
Priming helping behaviour with parable of the Good Samaritan increased helping, more so when participants - seminary students - were not in a hurry Cost of help: time, money, effort, physical danger