Week 7 Flashcards
Levels that cooperation and competition can be considered across
-individual level
-within-group level
-between-group level
Individual level
-an individual’s orientation toward competition, cooperation, and groups shapes how they perceive and respond to interdependence
Within-group level categories
-interdependence structure
-member perceptions
-member interactions
Interdependence structure
-does group require teamwork
Member perceptions
-do we rely on one another
Member interactions
-do members cooperate
Between-group level
-competition with a salient outgroup can strengthen the ingroup environment
-effects of ingroup membership can reshape treatment of outgroups
Cooperation vs competition categories
-distribution of rewards
-group goals
When would distribution of rewards lean towards competition
-zero sum situation
-gains by one reduces gains available to others
When would distribution of rewards lean towards cooperation
-non-zero sum situation
-participants can share in rewards equally
When would distribution of rewards lean towards individualism
-awards based on personal merit (school grades)
When would group goals lean towards competition
-heterogenous goals
-participants have different goals
When would group goals lean towards cooperation
-homogeneous goals
-participants hold the same goals
When would group goals lean towards cooperation
-homogeneous goals
-participants hold the same goals
What are the 4 conditions for within-group vs between-group processes
-cooperation+cooperation-> competition
-cooperation+cooperation -> cooperation
-competition+competition -> competition
-cooperation+competition -> competition
What was the robbers cave experiment
-11 year old boys selected for study
-divided 2 groups based on size
-purpose was to assess intra and inter-group interactions and relations in a natural environment
Phases of the robbers cave experiment
-ingroup formation
-intergroup conflict
-reduce conflict
Phase 1: Ingroup formation
-arbitary assignment based on criteria
Phase 2: Intergroup conflict
-intergroup exposure and win-lose competition
Phase 3: Reduce conflict
-get togethers with competition
-provision of superordinate goals
The robbers cave experiment outcomes
-boys systematically rated outgroup more negatively than ingroup
Key messages from robbers cave experiment
-groups are real
-individuals naturally orient themselves into ingroups and outgroups
-groups have psychology validity and meaning to members
-when 2 groups experience competing goals, people categorize themselves more strongly with their ingroup
-we can mitigate conflict between groups by introducing cooperative goals - intergroup contact is not enough
What were the theoretical foundations for jigsaw classroom
-robbers cave
-contact hypothesis
-cognitive dissonance
Contact hypothesis
-intergroup interaction can reduce prejudice and improve relations under certain conditions
Cognitive dissonance
-people strive for consistency in attitudes and behaviours
-when not consistent you experience unpleasant cognitive dissonance
-when you change behaviour that is readily observable, people change attitudes to avoid dissonance
Which theoretical foundation was the most important in jigsaw classroom
-cognitive dissonance
What are the steps of jigsaw classroom
-home group
-breakout into expert group
-report back to home group
-discuss
What are jigsaw classrooms
-students are placed into small groups and each given a topic they have to learn about
-go to group with other kids with same topic and share ideas
-go back to original group and report back
Outcomes of jigsaw classroom
-increase self esteem
-decrease competitiveness
-increased perception of peers as learning source
-increased perception of being liked by others
Meta-analysis findings about competition vs cooperation
-cooperation is superior to competition for achievement and productivity
-cooperation is superior to individualism for achievement and productivity
-competition is superior to individualism for achievement and productivity
Moderators considered in meta-analysis
-task interdependence
-task complexity
-group size
Task interdependence moderator components
-cooperation superior for interdependent sport
-competition superior for independent sport
Task complexity moderator components
-cooperation superior for complex tasks
-competition superior for simple tasks
Group size moderator components
-cooperation superior for larger groups
-competition superior for smaller groups
What is an exchange relation
-monitor inputs and attempt to maximize rewards
Communal relations
-more concerned with what the group receives, thus work as a joint force
What did paterson study look at
-reactions from initially passive pre-school children
What happened to initially passive children who retaliated successfully against aggressor
-became more aggressive
What happened to initially passive children who retaliated unsuccessfully against aggressor
-remained passive
What happened to initially passive children who were not an object of aggressive attacks
-remained passive
What did Martens (1975) define sport to be
-situational social comparison process
What does the situational social comparison process include
-clear start and end point
-structured evaluation processes
-several stages of appraisal and behavioural responses
-awareness of competitors and evaluators
2 types of competition in sport
-positional competition
-situational competition
What is the purpose of positional competition
-playing time distribution
What is the purpose of situational competition
-motivation in practice
Who does positional competition occur between
-players in the same position
Who does situational competition occur between
-assigned subgroups or players
What is the format of positional competition
-longitudinal performance comparison
What is the format of situational competition
-subgroup vs subgroup
Duration of positional competition
-ongoing
Duration of situational competition
-usually short
What is positional competition
-process of teammates vying for the same limited playing time in one position
Who plays a central role in positional competition
-coach
-reward power
What type of framework does positional competition follow
-input-mediator-output framework
What is included in mediators for positional competition
-information-related processes
-performance-related processes
Information-related processes
-self awareness
-social comparison
-feedback from teammates
-feedback from coaches
Performance-related processes
-push teammates
-push by teammates
-improvement of individuals abilities
-contextual learning
What does the scouring test test for
-labral tears
-osteochondral lesions
-arthritis
-avascular necrosis
