Week 7

Question 1

Levels that cooperation and competition can be considered across

Answer 1

-individual level
-within-group level
-between-group level

Question 2

Individual level

Answer 2

-an individual’s orientation toward competition, cooperation, and groups shapes how they perceive and respond to interdependence

Question 3

Within-group level categories

Answer 3

-interdependence structure
-member perceptions
-member interactions

Question 4

Interdependence structure

Answer 4

-does group require teamwork

Question 5

Member perceptions

Answer 5

-do we rely on one another

Question 6

Member interactions

Answer 6

-do members cooperate

Question 7

Between-group level

Answer 7

-competition with a salient outgroup can strengthen the ingroup environment
-effects of ingroup membership can reshape treatment of outgroups

Question 8

Cooperation vs competition categories

Answer 8

-distribution of rewards
-group goals

Question 9

When would distribution of rewards lean towards competition

Answer 9

-zero sum situation
-gains by one reduces gains available to others

Question 10

When would distribution of rewards lean towards cooperation

Answer 10

-non-zero sum situation
-participants can share in rewards equally

Question 11

When would distribution of rewards lean towards individualism

Answer 11

-awards based on personal merit (school grades)

Question 12

When would group goals lean towards competition

Answer 12

-heterogenous goals
-participants have different goals

Question 13

When would group goals lean towards cooperation

Answer 13

-homogeneous goals
-participants hold the same goals

Question 14

When would group goals lean towards cooperation

Answer 14

-homogeneous goals
-participants hold the same goals

Question 15

What are the 4 conditions for within-group vs between-group processes

Answer 15

-cooperation+cooperation-> competition
-cooperation+cooperation -> cooperation
-competition+competition -> competition
-cooperation+competition -> competition

Question 16

What was the robbers cave experiment

Answer 16

-11 year old boys selected for study
-divided 2 groups based on size
-purpose was to assess intra and inter-group interactions and relations in a natural environment

Question 17

Phases of the robbers cave experiment

Answer 17

-ingroup formation
-intergroup conflict
-reduce conflict

Question 18

Phase 1: Ingroup formation

Answer 18

-arbitary assignment based on criteria

Question 19

Phase 2: Intergroup conflict

Answer 19

-intergroup exposure and win-lose competition

Question 20

Phase 3: Reduce conflict

Answer 20

-get togethers with competition
-provision of superordinate goals

Question 21

The robbers cave experiment outcomes

Answer 21

-boys systematically rated outgroup more negatively than ingroup

Question 22

Key messages from robbers cave experiment

Answer 22

-groups are real
-individuals naturally orient themselves into ingroups and outgroups
-groups have psychology validity and meaning to members
-when 2 groups experience competing goals, people categorize themselves more strongly with their ingroup
-we can mitigate conflict between groups by introducing cooperative goals - intergroup contact is not enough

Question 23

What were the theoretical foundations for jigsaw classroom

Answer 23

-robbers cave
-contact hypothesis
-cognitive dissonance

Question 24

Contact hypothesis

Answer 24

-intergroup interaction can reduce prejudice and improve relations under certain conditions

Question 25

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 25

-people strive for consistency in attitudes and behaviours -when not consistent you experience unpleasant cognitive dissonance -when you change behaviour that is readily observable, people change attitudes to avoid dissonance

Question 26

Which theoretical foundation was the most important in jigsaw classroom

Answer 26

-cognitive dissonance

Question 27

What are the steps of jigsaw classroom

Answer 27

-home group -breakout into expert group -report back to home group -discuss

Question 28

What are jigsaw classrooms

Answer 28

-students are placed into small groups and each given a topic they have to learn about -go to group with other kids with same topic and share ideas -go back to original group and report back

Question 29

Outcomes of jigsaw classroom

Answer 29

-increase self esteem -decrease competitiveness -increased perception of peers as learning source -increased perception of being liked by others

Question 30

Meta-analysis findings about competition vs cooperation

Answer 30

-cooperation is superior to competition for achievement and productivity -cooperation is superior to individualism for achievement and productivity -competition is superior to individualism for achievement and productivity

Question 31

Moderators considered in meta-analysis

Answer 31

-task interdependence -task complexity -group size

Question 32

Task interdependence moderator components

Answer 32

-cooperation superior for interdependent sport -competition superior for independent sport

Question 33

Task complexity moderator components

Answer 33

-cooperation superior for complex tasks -competition superior for simple tasks

Question 34

Group size moderator components

Answer 34

-cooperation superior for larger groups -competition superior for smaller groups

Question 35

What is an exchange relation

Answer 35

-monitor inputs and attempt to maximize rewards

Question 36

Communal relations

Answer 36

-more concerned with what the group receives, thus work as a joint force

Question 37

What did paterson study look at

Answer 37

-reactions from initially passive pre-school children

Question 38

What happened to initially passive children who retaliated successfully against aggressor

Answer 38

-became more aggressive

Question 39

What happened to initially passive children who retaliated unsuccessfully against aggressor

Answer 39

-remained passive

Question 40

What happened to initially passive children who were not an object of aggressive attacks

Answer 40

-remained passive

Question 41

What did Martens (1975) define sport to be

Answer 41

-situational social comparison process

Question 42

What does the situational social comparison process include

Answer 42

-clear start and end point -structured evaluation processes -several stages of appraisal and behavioural responses -awareness of competitors and evaluators

Question 43

2 types of competition in sport

Answer 43

-positional competition -situational competition

Question 44

What is the purpose of positional competition

Answer 44

-playing time distribution

Question 45

What is the purpose of situational competition

Answer 45

-motivation in practice

Question 46

Who does positional competition occur between

Answer 46

-players in the same position

Question 47

Who does situational competition occur between

Answer 47

-assigned subgroups or players

Question 48

What is the format of positional competition

Answer 48

-longitudinal performance comparison

Question 48

What is the format of situational competition

Answer 48

-subgroup vs subgroup

Question 49

Duration of positional competition

Answer 49

-ongoing

Question 50

Duration of situational competition

Answer 50

-usually short

Question 51

What is positional competition

Answer 51

-process of teammates vying for the same limited playing time in one position

Question 52

Who plays a central role in positional competition

Answer 52

-coach -reward power

Question 53

What type of framework does positional competition follow

Answer 53

-input-mediator-output framework

Question 54

What is included in mediators for positional competition

Answer 54

-information-related processes -performance-related processes

Question 55

Information-related processes

Answer 55

-self awareness -social comparison -feedback from teammates -feedback from coaches

Question 56

Performance-related processes

Answer 56

-push teammates -push by teammates -improvement of individuals abilities -contextual learning