week 7

Question 1

language characteristics

Answer 1

1. communicative
2. arbitrarily symbolic
3. regularly structured
4. structured at multiple levels
5. generative/productive
6. dynamic

Question 2

arbitrarily symbolic

Answer 2

a relationship between a symbol and what it represents

Question 3

regularly structured

Answer 3

has a structure and symbolic meanings

Question 4

generative/productive

Answer 4

new utterances are limitless

Question 5

dynamic

Answer 5

languages constantly evolve

Question 6

left side of the brain

Answer 6

• Sylvian tissue
• Broca’s area: speech
• Wernicke’s area: understanding spoken/written language
• Arcuate fasciculus: connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

Question 7

aphasia

Answer 7

deficits in language, due to neurological damage

Question 8

dysarthria

Answer 8

loss of articulatory muscles

Question 9

apraxia

Answer 9

deficits in the motor planning of articulations

Question 10

anomia

Answer 10

aphasia, but inability to name objects

Question 11

argammatic aphasia

Answer 11

only the basic and most used grammar is used and understood

Question 12

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 12

difficulty understanding language, but speech is fluent

Question 13

conduction aphasia

Answer 13

cannot repair speech errors and trouble producing spontaneous speech and repeating speech

Question 14

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 14

only able to say one word

Question 15

Wernicke-Lichtheim model

Answer 15

language processing involved the interconnection of different key brain regions and damage to this network results in aphasia

Question 16

phonology

Answer 16

information about the sounds of words

Question 17

phoneme

Answer 17

smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning

Question 18

morpheme

Answer 18

the smallest unit of meaning within a language

Question 19

lexicon

Answer 19

the entire set of morphemes in a language

Question 20

segmentation problem

Answer 20

difficulty of separating out words from the pattern of speech sounds

Question 21

co-articulation

Answer 21

the overlapping of adjacent articulations

Question 22

semantic

Answer 22

the meaning conveyed by words and sentences
- denotation
- connatation

Question 23

denotation

Answer 23

the struct dictionary definition of a word

Question 24

connatation

Answer 24

a word’s emotional overtones, presuppositions, and other non explicit meanings

Question 25

lexical access

Answer 25

recognition of sounds/letters and connects it to words stored in your mental dictionary

Question 26

lexical selection

Answer 26

picks the word that best matches what you’ve seen/heard

Question 27

lexical integration

Answer 27

the word is fitted into the larger sentence pr context to help you understand the message

Question 28

4 organizing principles

Answer 28

1. morpheme
2. more frequently used words are accessed more quickly
3. neighborhoods consists of words that only differ from one another by a single letter or phoneme
4. semantic relationships

Question 29

semonic network

Answer 29

words that have strong associative or semitic relations are closer together in the network

Question 30

temporal lobe lesions

Answer 30

• no perceptual/general language problems
• difficulty naming specific categories

Question 31

syntax

Answer 31

how we put words together to form sentences
- noun phrase and verb phrase

Question 32

morphology

Answer 32

internal structure of words

Question 33

2 approaches to analyze sentences

Answer 33

1. phase-structure grammar: static structure
2. transformational grammar: deep structure –> transformations –> surface structure

Question 34

behaviorism

Answer 34

learning a language is reinforced learning of words
- child is a blank sheet –> poverty of stimulus

Question 35

cognitive counterrevolution

Answer 35

• infinite number of sentences possible
• children learn a language based on limited data
• universal grammar

Question 36

syntactical priming

Answer 36

use and read faster if it is parallel to what we just heard

Question 37

speech error

Answer 37

function morphemes –> switch words fit in their position

Question 38

analyzing sentences

Answer 38

phrase-structure grammar
- tree diagrams

Question 39

transformational grammar

Answer 39

syntactical relationships between sentences

Question 40

deep-structure

Answer 40

link various phrase structures through transformation rules

Question 41

surface structure

Answer 41

result from transformations

Question 42

syntactical structures interact with lexicons indicated 3 things

Answer 42

1. the syntactical category of the item
2. the syntactical contexts in which the morpheme may be used
3. radiosyncratic information about the syntactical uses of the morpheme

Question 43

thematic roles

Answer 43

how items can be used in context of communication

Question 44

phenemic-restoration effect

Answer 44

integrating what we know with what we hear when we perceive speech

Question 45

categorical perception

Answer 45

discontinuous categories of speech sound

Question 46

large language models

Answer 46

use statistical frequencies to mimic human languages
- large data base, but no access to universal grammar
- make predictions and mistakes
- rapid development

Question 47

chatGPT overgenerates

Answer 47

truths and falsehoods, endorsing ethical and unethical decisions

Question 48

chatGPT undergenerates

Answer 48

exhibiting non commitment to any decisions and indifference to consequences