week 7 Flashcards
language characteristics
- communicative
- arbitrarily symbolic
- regularly structured
- structured at multiple levels
- generative/productive
- dynamic
arbitrarily symbolic
a relationship between a symbol and what it represents
regularly structured
has a structure and symbolic meanings
generative/productive
new utterances are limitless
dynamic
languages constantly evolve
left side of the brain
- Sylvian tissue
- Broca’s area: speech
- Wernicke’s area: understanding spoken/written language
- Arcuate fasciculus: connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
aphasia
deficits in language, due to neurological damage
dysarthria
loss of articulatory muscles
apraxia
deficits in the motor planning of articulations
anomia
aphasia, but inability to name objects
argammatic aphasia
only the basic and most used grammar is used and understood
Wernicke’s aphasia
difficulty understanding language, but speech is fluent
conduction aphasia
cannot repair speech errors and trouble producing spontaneous speech and repeating speech
Broca’s aphasia
only able to say one word
Wernicke-Lichtheim model
language processing involved the interconnection of different key brain regions and damage to this network results in aphasia
phonology
information about the sounds of words
phoneme
smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning
morpheme
the smallest unit of meaning within a language
lexicon
the entire set of morphemes in a language
segmentation problem
difficulty of separating out words from the pattern of speech sounds
co-articulation
the overlapping of adjacent articulations
semantic
the meaning conveyed by words and sentences
- denotation
- connatation
denotation
the struct dictionary definition of a word
connatation
a word’s emotional overtones, presuppositions, and other non explicit meanings
lexical access
recognition of sounds/letters and connects it to words stored in your mental dictionary
lexical selection
picks the word that best matches what you’ve seen/heard
lexical integration
the word is fitted into the larger sentence pr context to help you understand the message
4 organizing principles
- morpheme
- more frequently used words are accessed more quickly
- neighborhoods consists of words that only differ from one another by a single letter or phoneme
- semantic relationships
semonic network
words that have strong associative or semitic relations are closer together in the network
temporal lobe lesions
- no perceptual/general language problems
- difficulty naming specific categories
syntax
how we put words together to form sentences
- noun phrase and verb phrase
morphology
internal structure of words
2 approaches to analyze sentences
- phase-structure grammar: static structure
- transformational grammar: deep structure –> transformations –> surface structure
behaviorism
learning a language is reinforced learning of words
- child is a blank sheet –> poverty of stimulus
cognitive counterrevolution
- infinite number of sentences possible
- children learn a language based on limited data
- universal grammar
syntactical priming
use and read faster if it is parallel to what we just heard
speech error
function morphemes –> switch words fit in their position
analyzing sentences
phrase-structure grammar
- tree diagrams
transformational grammar
syntactical relationships between sentences
deep-structure
link various phrase structures through transformation rules
surface structure
result from transformations
syntactical structures interact with lexicons indicated 3 things
- the syntactical category of the item
- the syntactical contexts in which the morpheme may be used
- radiosyncratic information about the syntactical uses of the morpheme
thematic roles
how items can be used in context of communication
phenemic-restoration effect
integrating what we know with what we hear when we perceive speech
categorical perception
discontinuous categories of speech sound
large language models
use statistical frequencies to mimic human languages
- large data base, but no access to universal grammar
- make predictions and mistakes
- rapid development
chatGPT overgenerates
truths and falsehoods, endorsing ethical and unethical decisions
chatGPT undergenerates
exhibiting non commitment to any decisions and indifference to consequences
