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introduction to cognitive neuroscience > week 3 > Flashcards

week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

the first stage in the functioning of the senses to represent stimuli from the environment
- stimulus –> process in receptors
- goal: detecting stimulus and its elementary properties

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2
Q

perception

A

a higher brain function –> mental process/state representing awareness and understanding of events and objects in the world
- goal: creating useful information of the surroundings

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3
Q

photoreceptors

A

cones (low light, no color) and roses (higher light, color) for vision

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4
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

hearing (hair cells) and touch (free nerve ending)

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5
Q

chemoreceptors

A

taste and smell
- chemical stimulus properties

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6
Q

receptors

A

physical stimuli –> transducing –> electrical action potential –> neurons –> specific brain regions –> processed & interpreted

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7
Q

somatosensory system

A

touch

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8
Q

gustatory system

A

taste

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9
Q

olfactory system

A

smell

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10
Q

vestibular system

A

equilibriuception –> balance

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11
Q

sensory cortex

A

cortical representation sites of the senses
- multiple brain regions at which sensory information is received and processed

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12
Q

receptive field

A

area in which stimulation leads to a response of a particular sensory neuron (line of orientation, direction of motion and shapes)

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13
Q

bottom-up processing

A

taking sensory information and then assembling/integrating it

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14
Q

top-down processing

A

use knowledge, motivation and expectations to interpet sensory information

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15
Q

Gestalt psychology

A
  • sensory information –> patterns
  • principles that help us make sense of complex scenes quickly and efficiently
  • ‘the whole is greater than the sum of its parts’
  • grouping principles (gestalt laws) –> perceive objects as patterns
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16
Q

principle of good continuation

A

points are sent as lines that belong together & objects that are overlapped are seen as different objects

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17
Q

law of pragnanz/principle of good figure/ principle of simplicity

A

every stimulus pattern in seen in such a wat that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

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18
Q

principe of similarity

A

similar things appear to be grouped together

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19
Q

proximity

A

close together –> belong together

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20
Q

examples gestalt psychology

A
  • proximity
  • similarity
  • closure
  • common fate
  • Pragnanz/simplicity
  • good continuation
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21
Q

closure

A

close figures in their mind

22
Q

Bayesian inference/the Bayesian brain/predictive coding

A

actively perceiving the world –> explains our sensations while updating our expectations

23
Q

prior

A

our initial belief about the probability of an outcome

24
Q

likelihood

A

the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome

25
Q

posterior

A

combines the prior and likelihood to form a new, updates belief or percept

26
Q

helmholtz theory of unconscious inference

A

symbols or representations of the physical world that can be interpreted and disambiguated through converging evidence from different senses

27
Q

likelihood principle

A

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

28
Q

unconscious inference

A

our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions/inferences that we make about the environment

29
Q

regulaties in the environment

A

frequently occurring characteristics
- physical regularities
- semantic regularities

30
Q

physical regularities

A
  • oblique effect: people perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations
  • light-from-above assumption
31
Q

semantic regularities

A

the characteristics associated with the functions carries out in different types of scenes
- scene schema: the knowledge of what a given scene typically contains

32
Q

examples top-down processing

A
  • Helmholtz
  • regularities
  • Bayan
    data from the environment and experiences
33
Q

example bottom-up processing

A
  • Gestalt
    principles are build in and over-ride the experience
34
Q

perceptual illusions

A
  • our experience is an interpretation
  • rules and assumptions to interpret sensory information
  • pinpoint specific brain regions
35
Q

perceptual constancy

A

ability of perceptual systems to recognize the same object from widely varying sensory inputs
- bistable stimulus: some inputs can be perceives in two ways

36
Q

inverse projections problem

A

the task of determining the object response for a particular image on the retina
- because of our knowledge (environment)
- viewpoint invariance: peoples ability to recognize an object from a different viewpoint

37
Q

speech segmentation

A

when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins

38
Q

transitional probabilities

A

the likelihood that one sound will follow another (within an word)

39
Q

statistical learning

A

the process of learning about transitional probabilities and other characteristics of language
- example: kids with made up words and light

40
Q

perceptual process (7 steps)

A

1 stimulus in environment
2 stimulus hits the receptors
3 receptor processes
4 Nepal processing
5 perception
6 recognition
7 action

41
Q

distal stimulus

A

in the environment

42
Q

proximal stimulus

A

the representation of the object on the receptor

43
Q

principle of transformation

A

stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed/changed between the distal stimulus and perception

44
Q

sensory receptors

A

respond to environmental energy

45
Q

transduction

A

1 transform environmental energy into electrical energy
2 shape perception by different properties

46
Q

neural processing

A

changes in the signals that occur as they are transmitter through a maze of neurons

47
Q

electrical signals

A

conscious experience of perception (awareness)

48
Q

recognition

A

placing a object in a category

49
Q

action

A

motor activities in response to the stimulus

50
Q

visual form agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects

introduction to cognitive neuroscience (7 decks)

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