week 5

Question 1

arousal

Answer 1

level of alertness

Question 2

vigilanceq

Answer 2

sustained alertness

Question 3

selective attention

Answer 3

the mind selects, it allows only some information to enter consciousness

Question 4

dichotic listening

Answer 4

focus on one conversation and filter out the rest, but salient information is still consciously

Question 5

overt attention

Answer 5

using eye/head movements –> shift change sensory input

Question 6

covert attention

Answer 6

focussing, but without physically moving –> change in processing sensory input

Question 7

cuing tasks

Answer 7

the focus of attention is manipulated

Question 8

endogenous cuing

Answer 8

the orienting of attention to the cue is voluntary and driven by the participants goals and meaning of the cue
- goal directed
- top-down
- slow

Question 9

exogenous cuing

Answer 9

automatically captures attention because of its physical features
- reflective
- bottom-up
- fast

Question 10

valid trials

Answer 10

cue correctly predicts the cuing location
- fast RT

Question 11

invalid trials

Answer 11

target is presented not indicated by the cue

Question 12

neutral trials

Answer 12

cues give no useful information

Question 13

mental spotlight

Answer 13

enhances processing in specific areas of the visual field

Question 14

biased competition model of attention

Answer 14

if there are two stimuli, one is favored by competition, so we can focus on one thing
- selection occurs before it is all analyzed

Question 15

event-related potential (ERP)

Answer 15

measure sensory process during attention

Question 16

visuospatial attention

Answer 16

selecting a stimulus based on the spatial location

Question 17

simple cells (receptive field, response, function and location)

Answer 17

• small and specific
• stimulus in exact spot
• stationary edges/lines
• VI

Question 18

complex cells (receptive field, response, function and location)

Answer 18

• large and flexible
• stimulus anywhere
• moving edge/lines
• V1 and beyond

Question 19

feature based-attention

Answer 19

pay attention to specific features and filter out uninteresting ones

Question 20

object-based visual attention

Answer 20

modulate spatial attention

Question 21

spatial attentnion

Answer 21

focussed on a location

Question 22

inhibition of return (IOR) / inhibitory affereffect

Answer 22

inhibition of the return of attention to that location

Question 23

neuromodulation methods

Answer 23

• electric microstimulation
• deep brain stimulation (DBS)
• transcranial electric stimulation (tES)
• transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 24

electric microstimulation

Answer 24

cognitive functions discovered by stimulating the cerebral cortex of awake neurosurgical patients
- invasive

Question 25

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Answer 25

stimulation of areas in the midbrain to reset brain rhythms

Question 26

transcranial electric stimulation (tES)

Answer 26

induced changes in neuronal excitability
- non-invasive

Question 27

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 27

changes in neural excitability by pulses
- non-invasive

Question 28

Dichotic Listening Experiment

Answer 28

This supports the idea of a “leaky filter” in attention (Treisman’s model), where unattended information is not entirely blocked but attenuated based on relevance