week 5 Flashcards
arousal
level of alertness
vigilanceq
sustained alertness
selective attention
the mind selects, it allows only some information to enter consciousness
dichotic listening
focus on one conversation and filter out the rest, but salient information is still consciously
overt attention
using eye/head movements –> shift change sensory input
covert attention
focussing, but without physically moving –> change in processing sensory input
cuing tasks
the focus of attention is manipulated
endogenous cuing
the orienting of attention to the cue is voluntary and driven by the participants goals and meaning of the cue
- goal directed
- top-down
- slow
exogenous cuing
automatically captures attention because of its physical features
- reflective
- bottom-up
- fast
valid trials
cue correctly predicts the cuing location
- fast RT
invalid trials
target is presented not indicated by the cue
neutral trials
cues give no useful information
mental spotlight
enhances processing in specific areas of the visual field
biased competition model of attention
if there are two stimuli, one is favored by competition, so we can focus on one thing
- selection occurs before it is all analyzed
event-related potential (ERP)
measure sensory process during attention
visuospatial attention
selecting a stimulus based on the spatial location
simple cells (receptive field, response, function and location)
- small and specific
- stimulus in exact spot
- stationary edges/lines
- VI
complex cells (receptive field, response, function and location)
- large and flexible
- stimulus anywhere
- moving edge/lines
- V1 and beyond
feature based-attention
pay attention to specific features and filter out uninteresting ones
object-based visual attention
modulate spatial attention
spatial attentnion
focussed on a location
inhibition of return (IOR) / inhibitory affereffect
inhibition of the return of attention to that location
neuromodulation methods
- electric microstimulation
- deep brain stimulation (DBS)
- transcranial electric stimulation (tES)
- transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
electric microstimulation
cognitive functions discovered by stimulating the cerebral cortex of awake neurosurgical patients
- invasive
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
stimulation of areas in the midbrain to reset brain rhythms
transcranial electric stimulation (tES)
induced changes in neuronal excitability
- non-invasive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
changes in neural excitability by pulses
- non-invasive
Dichotic Listening Experiment
This supports the idea of a “leaky filter” in attention (Treisman’s model), where unattended information is not entirely blocked but attenuated based on relevance
