week 4

Question 1

neuroimaging

Answer 1

visualizing brain structure/activity

Question 2

time S identification (subtraction)

Answer 2

RT(C) - RT(A)

Question 3

brain areas involved in S identification (subtraction)

Answer 3

activity (C) - activity (A)

Question 4

time S identification, activity (subtraction)

Answer 4

time peak activity (C) - time peak activity (A)

Question 5

4 characteristics neuroimaging methods

Answer 5

1 monitor/modulate brain activity
2 invasiveness
3 spatial resolution: level of detail on the location
4 temporal resolution: level of details on the dynamics

Question 6

neuroelectrical signals

Answer 6

directly caused by neural activity –> high temporal resolution

Question 7

hemodynamic signals

Answer 7

indirectly reflect neural activity inferred from the vascular response –> low temporal resolution

Question 8

EEG

Answer 8

• noninvasive
• scalp electrodes detect electrical activity and compare voltage to electrode that is not on the scalp
• not aware/ sleeping

Question 9

MEG

Answer 9

• noninvasive
• detects magnetic field generated by neural activity

Question 10

ERPs

Answer 10

• examine changes in cognitive tasks
• the latency of ERP peals shows when (delays in) neural processing occur
• peak latency = delay

Question 11

amplitude of ERPs

Answer 11

show the neural effort processing takes (orientation and location)
- peak amplitude = increase in neural processing
- peak topography = how neural processes engage differently in brain areas

Question 12

neuroelectric methods

Answer 12

• EEG
• MEG
• ERPs
• ECoG
• SEEG

Question 13

ECoG/SEEG

Answer 13

invasive
high resolution

Question 14

hemodynamic methods

Answer 14

• optimal imaging
• NIRS
• fMRI
• PET

Question 15

hemodynamic

Answer 15

assess brain activation levels by exploiting the different properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and the changes in blood flow

Question 16

optimal imaging

Answer 16

-invasive
- implant detectors to measure the amount of oxygenation changes

Question 17

NIRS

Answer 17

• noninvasive
• monitoring blok oxygenation on the scalp
• delayed and only activity close to the scalp is visible

Question 18

fMRI

Answer 18

• tracks oxygen consumptions in specific brain areas
• BOLD signal = deoxygenated / oxygenated blood
• more tesla = stronger magnetic field
• higher magnetic field –> higher spatial resolution (sharper images) and higher BOLD response (more signal)

Question 19

PET

Answer 19

• uses radioactive binding tracers to measure metabolic changes, changes in metabolism and blood flow or neurotransmitters
• receptors can be estimated
• indirect and invasive

Question 20

spatial resolution

Answer 20

where activity happens –> pinions the location of brain activity

Question 21

temporal resolution

Answer 21

when activity happens –> track changes in brain activity