Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

introduction to cognitive neuroscience > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

the process of knowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neuroscience

A

how the nervous system is organized and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

rationalism

A

knowledge is gained through reasoning (deduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

empirism

A

knowledge comes from experience (induction), brain starts a blank space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

behaviorism

A

everyone has the same neural equipment on which learning can be build

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

limits behaviorism

A
  • neglects internal mental processes
  • no room for consciousness
  • doesn’t address complex behavior
  • no individual differences?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • behavior is understood by observable stimulus-response relationships and shaped by environmental factors.
  • stimulus + neutral stimulus –> changes response to neutral stimulus
  • dog food + bell –> conditioned –> bell = conditioned stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

operant conditioning (Skinner)

A

behavior is strengthened by the representation of positive reinforcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

associationism

A

mental processes operate by the association of one mental slate with its succes rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cognitive map

A

a conception of a layout in the mind
- rat in a maze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

phrenology (Gall)

A

the study of the information of the skull al indicative of mental faculties and traits of character –> character through the skull
- anatomical personology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lesion studies

A

investigate the effects of brain damage
- Broca’s aphasia
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- HM
- Phineas Gage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A
  • understand perfect
  • poorly produced (grammar)
  • reasonable meaning
  • insight into disability
  • brodmann area 44
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • grammatically correct production
  • absent meaning
  • unaware of disability
  • left posterior STG
  • brodmann area 22
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonic map

A

how cells differ between brain regions
- different regions for different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

computers

A
  • data analysis
    new way of thinking about the mind
  • input –> processed –> memory unit –> arithmetic unit –> output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Turing test

A

human cannot find the differences between a computer and human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

attention

A

multiple inputs –> filter –> detector –> memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Broadbent’s filter model of attention

A

the unattended message is blocked in the selective filter (bottleneck)
- filers out irrelevant noise –> not completely blocked –> can switch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treisman’s leaky filter model

A

auttentuator instead of filter –> flexible bottleneck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sensory memory

A

fraction for second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

short term memory

A
  • limited capacity
  • seconds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

long term memory

A
  • high capacity
  • long period of time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

episodic

A

life event in LT memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

semantic

A

facts in LT memory

26
Q

procedural

A

physical actions in LT memory

27
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

control processes that enable an individual to optimize performance in situations requiring the operation and coordination of several more basic cognitive processes
- CEO
- planning
- abstract and conceptual thinking
- error correction and trouble-shooting
- organizing behaviors toward a specific goal
- overcoming a strong habitual response or resisting temptation

28
Q

aggregate field theory

A

the whole brain participates in behavior

29
Q

Thomas Willis

A

brain damage –> effect behavior

30
Q

Descartes

A

mind influenced the body

31
Q

Gall

A
  • brain is the organ of the mind
  • specific locations in the brain
  • phrenology
32
Q

Flourens

A

aggregate field theory

33
Q

Jackson

A
  • topographic organization –> a map of the body
  • many regions of the brain contribute to a given behavior
34
Q

Brocca

A

a specific aspect of language is impaired by a specific lesion

35
Q

Brodmann

A

cytoarchitectonic

36
Q

Golgi

A
  • the black reaction
  • different types of ganglion cells
37
Q

Cajal

A
  • brain is a syncytium: a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm
  • neurodoctrine
    electrical information in one way (dendrites –> axons)
38
Q

neurodoctrine

A

nervous system is made up of individual cells

39
Q

Purkinje

A

described the first nerve cell in the nervous system

40
Q

Helmholtz

A

electrical current in the medium that carries information along the axon

41
Q

Montreal procedure

A

destroyed neurons in the brain –> prevent seizures

42
Q

electroencephalography

A
  • noninvasive
  • electrical currents
43
Q

CT

A

transverse X-rays –> 3D

44
Q

CAT

A

2D –> 3D

45
Q

PET

A
  • noninvasive
  • information on function
  • traces/isotopes
46
Q

MRI

A
  • nuclear magnetic resonance
  • material in blood
47
Q

fMRI

A
  • no ionized radiation/sensitive
  • detailed images related to brain function
48
Q

neuropsychology

A

the study of the behavior of people with brain damage

49
Q

electrophysiology

A

measuring electrical response of the nervous system –> listen to activity of single neurons

50
Q

Donders pioneering experiment

A

the difference in RT between simple and choice conditions indicate the time it takes to make a decision that leads to pressing the correct button (1/10 of a sec)

51
Q

Wundt’s psychology laboratory

A
  • structuralism
  • analytic introspection
52
Q

structuralism

A

our overall experience is determined by combining sensations

53
Q

analytic introspection

A

participant describe their experiments and thought processes in response to a stimuli

54
Q

Ebbinghaus’s memory experiment

A

learn a list –> wait (errors) –> relearn (faster)

55
Q

savings

A

how much is forgotten after a particular delay

56
Q

savings curve

A

memory drops quick after 2 days

57
Q

William James’s principles of psychology

A

paying attention to one thing involved with-drawing from other things

58
Q

cognitive revolution

A

behaviorist focus on stimulus-response to understand the operation of the mind

59
Q

scientific revolution

A

a shift from 1 paradigm to another –> paradigm shift

60
Q

paradigm

A

system of ideas that dominate science

61
Q
A

introduction to cognitive neuroscience (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions