week 1 Flashcards
cognition
the process of knowing
neuroscience
how the nervous system is organized and functions
rationalism
knowledge is gained through reasoning (deduction)
empirism
knowledge comes from experience (induction), brain starts a blank space
behaviorism
everyone has the same neural equipment on which learning can be build
limits behaviorism
- neglects internal mental processes
- no room for consciousness
- doesn’t address complex behavior
- no individual differences?
classical conditioning
- behavior is understood by observable stimulus-response relationships and shaped by environmental factors.
- stimulus + neutral stimulus –> changes response to neutral stimulus
- dog food + bell –> conditioned –> bell = conditioned stimulus
operant conditioning (Skinner)
behavior is strengthened by the representation of positive reinforcers
associationism
mental processes operate by the association of one mental slate with its succes rates
cognitive map
a conception of a layout in the mind
- rat in a maze
phrenology (Gall)
the study of the information of the skull al indicative of mental faculties and traits of character –> character through the skull
- anatomical personology
lesion studies
investigate the effects of brain damage
- Broca’s aphasia
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- HM
- Phineas Gage
Broca’s aphasia
- understand perfect
- poorly produced (grammar)
- reasonable meaning
- insight into disability
- brodmann area 44
Wernicke’s aphasia
- grammatically correct production
- absent meaning
- unaware of disability
- left posterior STG
- brodmann area 22
Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonic map
how cells differ between brain regions
- different regions for different functions
computers
- data analysis
new way of thinking about the mind - input –> processed –> memory unit –> arithmetic unit –> output
Turing test
human cannot find the differences between a computer and human
attention
multiple inputs –> filter –> detector –> memory
Broadbent’s filter model of attention
the unattended message is blocked in the selective filter (bottleneck)
- filers out irrelevant noise –> not completely blocked –> can switch
Treisman’s leaky filter model
auttentuator instead of filter –> flexible bottleneck
sensory memory
fraction for second
short term memory
- limited capacity
- seconds
long term memory
- high capacity
- long period of time
episodic
life event in LT memory
semantic
facts in LT memory
procedural
physical actions in LT memory
prefrontal cortex
control processes that enable an individual to optimize performance in situations requiring the operation and coordination of several more basic cognitive processes
- CEO
- planning
- abstract and conceptual thinking
- error correction and trouble-shooting
- organizing behaviors toward a specific goal
- overcoming a strong habitual response or resisting temptation
aggregate field theory
the whole brain participates in behavior
Thomas Willis
brain damage –> effect behavior
Descartes
mind influenced the body
Gall
- brain is the organ of the mind
- specific locations in the brain
- phrenology
Flourens
aggregate field theory
Jackson
- topographic organization –> a map of the body
- many regions of the brain contribute to a given behavior
Brocca
a specific aspect of language is impaired by a specific lesion
Brodmann
cytoarchitectonic
Golgi
- the black reaction
- different types of ganglion cells
Cajal
- brain is a syncytium: a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm
- neurodoctrine
electrical information in one way (dendrites –> axons)
neurodoctrine
nervous system is made up of individual cells
Purkinje
described the first nerve cell in the nervous system
Helmholtz
electrical current in the medium that carries information along the axon
Montreal procedure
destroyed neurons in the brain –> prevent seizures
electroencephalography
- noninvasive
- electrical currents
CT
transverse X-rays –> 3D
CAT
2D –> 3D
PET
- noninvasive
- information on function
- traces/isotopes
MRI
- nuclear magnetic resonance
- material in blood
fMRI
- no ionized radiation/sensitive
- detailed images related to brain function
neuropsychology
the study of the behavior of people with brain damage
electrophysiology
measuring electrical response of the nervous system –> listen to activity of single neurons
Donders pioneering experiment
the difference in RT between simple and choice conditions indicate the time it takes to make a decision that leads to pressing the correct button (1/10 of a sec)
Wundt’s psychology laboratory
- structuralism
- analytic introspection
structuralism
our overall experience is determined by combining sensations
analytic introspection
participant describe their experiments and thought processes in response to a stimuli
Ebbinghaus’s memory experiment
learn a list –> wait (errors) –> relearn (faster)
savings
how much is forgotten after a particular delay
savings curve
memory drops quick after 2 days
William James’s principles of psychology
paying attention to one thing involved with-drawing from other things
cognitive revolution
behaviorist focus on stimulus-response to understand the operation of the mind
scientific revolution
a shift from 1 paradigm to another –> paradigm shift
paradigm
system of ideas that dominate science
