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Human Physiology > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of ventilation?

A
  • Involuntary= controlled by CNS (medulla)
  • Voluntary= hyperventilation, breath holding, swallowing
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2
Q

What are the two types of pulmonary stretch reflexes?

A
  1. Slow adapting- when tidal volume starts to reach the limit of expansion and protects lungs. In airway smooth muscle
  2. Rapidly adapting- respond to cigarette smoke and cause coughing and sneezing to remove particles
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3
Q

What receptors detect Pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A
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4
Q

How does exercise lead to an increase in ventilation?

A

Phase I (neural mechanisms)- as exercise begins
• Muscle afferents
• Central command
• Learnt response
Phase II (chemical mechanisms)- as exercise continues
• PCO2 and pH oscillations
• Plasma K+, catecholamines
• Temperature
• Hypoglycaemia, metabolic rate

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5
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

Daltons Law= the pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure of the individual gases

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6
Q

what is the atmospheric pressure?

A

Atmospheric pressure- 760 mmHg

Atmospheric pressure x percentage of gas in air = partial pressure of atmosphere gases

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7
Q

what is the water vapour partial pressure?

A

Water vapour partial pressure in lungs = 46 mmHg
So..
Partial pressure of atmosphere gases in lungs = (atmosphere pressure – 46) x percentage of gas in air

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8
Q

what is the alveoli diffusion pathway?

A
  • Surfactant
  • Epithelium
  • Endothelium
  • Red blood cells
  • Haemoglobin
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9
Q

what affects the rate of diffusion

A
  • The partial pressure difference
  • Properties of the gas- solubility
  • Surface area
  • Temperature
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10
Q

how does pp and concentration differ when the gas achieved equilibrium pressure?

A

• Gas molecules move between air nd liquid to achieve equibrium of partial pressures
• The partial pressure will become equal but the concentrations can still be significantly different (e.g oxygen is not very soluble to the concentration will be much higher in air than solution even when partial pressure is equal)

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11
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

the pressure exerted by a gas in a container

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12
Q

what is concentration

A

the amount of molecules of that gas s

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13
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

oxygen bromine protein within red blood cells

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14
Q

How does oxygen bind with haemolgobin and how does it dissociate?

A
  1. high partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli and low in plasma
  2. Oxygen diffuses and accumulates reacting with Haemoglobin to form oxygaemoglobin
  3. Blood transports to tissues
  4. Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues and oxygen dissociates from oxyhemoglobin

Hb + 02 <> Hb02

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15
Q

Describe the oxygen oxyhaemolobin curve

A

Systemic venous - carrying deoxygenated blood back to heart
Systemic arterial- carrying oxygenated blood to body
50% saturation = only 2 oxygen molecules have binded

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16
Q

what happens when curve shifts left

A

Increased affinity to oxygen
= more likely to bind

17
Q

What causes the curve to shift left ?

A
  • Decreased acidity
  • Low partial pressure of c02
  • Low DPG concentration
  • Lower temperature
18
Q

How is c02 carried in the blood

A
  • a lot more soluble than oxygen
19
Q

What is the equation for increase in oxygen uptake (very important)

A
20
Q

What is steady state exercise and what happens to heart rate?

A
  • The level of exercise at which the physiological responses remain relatively stable for an extended period of time
    1. Immediate increase in heart rate or minute ventilation
    2. Responses begin to increase overtime as the system adapts to exercise
    3. Plateau as dependent variable levels out
21
Q

What determines steady state exercise

A
  1. Delivery of oxygen to exercising muscles
  2. Ability of cells to utilise oxygen
22
Q

How is mean arterial pressure regulated?

A
23
Q

Describe Cardiovascular control system

A

Phase I: immediate increase
o Too quick to be humoral
o Anticipatory central command

Phase II: exponential increase
o Central neurogenic feedforward
o Peripheral neurogenic feedforward (pressor reflex)

Phase III: plateau/steady state
o Central neurogenic feedforward
o Peripheral neurogenic feedforward (pressor reflex)
o Modified by baroreceptor reflex

24
Q

Describe the sensory information going to the medulla and the motor information leaving

A
25
Q

What are arterial Baroreceptors

A
  • Located in carotid and aortic art
  • Classic negative feedback (changes in heart heart, vasoconstriction or vasodilation)
  • As estimated carotid sinus pressure increases the heart rate and blood pressure increases due to baroreflex
26
Q

How is arterial c02 pressure regulated

A
27
Q

Describe respiratory control system

A

Respiratory control system
Phase I: immediate increase
o Too quick to be humoral
o Anticipatory central command
Phase II: exponential increase
o Central neurogenic feedforward
o Peripheral neurogenic feedforward (pressor
reflex)

Phase III: plateau/steady state
o Central neurogenic feedforward
o Peripheral neurogenic feedforward (pressor
reflex)
o Fine tuned by peripheral chemoreceptors

28
Q

Describe all the mechanisms that lead to increased ventilation

A
29
Q

What mechanisms lead to an increase in ventilation?

A
30
Q

what is a learnt response?

A
  • Responses to exercise are highly accurate without much error
  • Somjens memory theory- suggests its learnt from a young age and adapts throughout life

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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