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Human Physiology > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  • extension of the hypothalamus
  • Hormones are synthesised in the hypothalamus and pass down through the axon to the PPG where they are released (oxytocin and vasopressin)
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2
Q

what is the anterior pituitary gland?

A

controlled by hypophysiotropic hormones. Secretes growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH and LH

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3
Q

What is the the overview of secretion from the hypothalamus

A
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4
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A
  • sits within the neck at the front of the trachea
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5
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A
  • Produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine: these two hormones control the release of TSH by negative feedback
  • Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, mitochondrial enzyme activity, development of nervous syste and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
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6
Q

Describe the thyroid releasing system?

A
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7
Q

What is cortisol?

A

a hormone released during stress by the hypothalamus and then APG

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8
Q

what does cortisol do in a non stress situation?

A

maintain normal blood pressure by responding to epinephrine and norepinephrine, anti-inflammatory functions, maintains metabolic enzymes concentration

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9
Q

What does cortisol do in stressful situations?

A
  • effects metabolism (release of glycerol and fatty acids into blood)
  • enhanced vascular reactivity & increases cardio performance
  • inhibits information and immune system response
  • inhibits non essential functions (reproduction & growth)
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10
Q

Describe the release of cortisol system

A
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11
Q

How does cortisol help with recovery

A

cortisol inhibits immune system, inhibits inflammatory response and decreases capillary permeability in injured areas which supports recovery

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12
Q

What is the stress trigger response?

A
  • sympathetic nervous system is activated
  • epinephrine is released :
    Faster breakdown of fuel stores
    Larger increase in cardiac function
    Bigger increase in ventilation
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13
Q

Give examples of growth hormones?

A

insulin, growth hormone, T3, and testosterone & estradiol

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14
Q

What is growth hormone?

A

acts directly onto cells, stimulates protein synthesis and is highest in adolescence. Stimulus of post natal growth & Secreted by anterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Testosterone: promotes muscle growth & development of male sex characteristics. produced by testes

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16
Q

what is oestrogen and progesterone?

A

promotes female sex characteristic development, regulates menstrual cycle, promotes endothelial function and adipose tissue growth. Secreted by ovaries

17
Q

Describe the secretion of human growth hormones system?

A
18
Q

Describe the sex hormones secreted system?

A
19
Q

What are the oestrogen protective affects?

A

Without ostrogen the body is at greater risk
- During menopause ostrogen decreases which leads to large artery stiffening and endothelial dysfunction which can increase risk of CVD and CBVD.

20
Q

what is the order of cells in muscle

A

muscle
fascicles
muscle fibres
myofibrils
sarcomere

21
Q

Describe the motor unit step by step?

A
22
Q

what is the excitation-contraction coupling?

A

When the action potential activates the force generating mechanisms by the electrical stimulus being converted to a mechanical response. Ca2+ provides the link

23
Q

How does calcium affect relaxed muscle and active muscle?

A

Relaxed Muscle- low Ca2+ so cross bridges cannot bind with actin because tropomyosin is covering binding site
Active Muscle- high Ca2+ so cross bridges form between actin and myosin because Ca2+ binds to troponin moving tropomyosin away

24
Q

What is the action potential propagation?

A

The process by which action potentials spread along the axon

25
Q

what proteins are responsible for calcium concentration?

A
  • Two proteins responsible for calcium release are DHP (on the membrane) and Ryanodine receptor (in the SR)
26
Q

Describe sliding filament theory?

A
27
Q

what cells make up skeletal muscle

A

muscle fibres
vascular cells
fibre cells
satellite cells

28
Q

Label the muscle cell

A
29
Q

when a muscle contracts how does the bands and lines change

A
  • I band shortens
  • Z line shortens
  • M line shortens
  • A bands remains the same
30
Q

What are the three energy metabolism systems

A
  1. Creatine Phosphate
    - Provides energy ATP from ADP for 1-2 secs
  2. Glycolysis
    - Energy from glucose in absense of oxygen (anaerobic)
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
    - Energy from glucose or fat in presence of oxygen (aerobic)
31
Q

What are the types of muscle fibres?

A
  • Type 1- slow twitch, slow oxidative
  • Type 2a- Intermediate fibres, fast-oxidative glycolytic
  • Type 2b- fast twitch, fast-glycolytic

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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