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Human Physiology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what characteristics do the endurance phenotype have?

A
  • Increased mitochondrial mass
  • Increased oxidative enzymes
  • Decreased glycolytic enzymes
  • Increased slow contractile and regulatory proteins
  • Decrease in fast-fibre area
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2
Q

What does high resistance training lead to?

A
  • Increases in net mass
  • Increase in Fibre cross-sectional area
  • Increase in Protein content
  • Increase in RNA content
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3
Q

what is tension

A

the force that a muscle exerts on the joint when its contracting

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4
Q

what is the load?

A

the force that the object exerts on the muscle

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5
Q

What are the types of muscle contractions

A
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6
Q

what is a muscle twitch

A

the mechanical response of a muscle fibre to a single action potential

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7
Q

what is the latent period?

A

this is a waiting time between action potential & tension in muscle increasing

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8
Q

what is the contraction time?

A

there is time between the start of the tension & peak tension

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9
Q

How does the load increasing affect muscle contractions?

A
  • the latent period increases
  • the velocity of shortening decreases
  • the duration of the twitch shortens
  • the distance of muscle shortening in the contraction decreases
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10
Q

how does load affect velocity

A

• a decrease in load means the muscle fibre can reach its maximum shortening velocity
• An increase in load can cause the concentric muscle contraction to become isometric
• an increase in load greater than peak tension causes the concentric muscle contraction to become eccentric

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11
Q

what is summation?

A

the increase of muscle tension of an action potential (increased frequency)

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12
Q

what is tetanus?

A

a state of sustained maximal contraction

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13
Q

what does muscle contraction speed depend on?

A

rate of cross bridge cycling
myosin heavy chain isoform

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14
Q

What are the mechanisms involved in muscle fatigue?

A

1- conduction failure: potassium accumulation in t tubules
2- lactic acid build up: affects proteins and calcium release
3- inhibition of cross bridges: so ADP and Pi build up
4- fuel substrates: blood glucose increased and dehydration
5- central command failure- failure of signals between brain and motor neurons

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15
Q

Techniques to determine fibre type

A

• Colour of fibre (~1900)
• EMG identification of motor units (~1950)
• Fibre speed and oxidative capacity (~1970)
• Myosin heavy chain isoform (~1990)
• Genomic nomenclature (~2000)

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16
Q

what does increasing strength lead to?

A
  • increasing motor unit recruitment
  • increased firing frequency
  • increased muscle mass
17
Q

What is muscle hyper trophy?

A
  • increase in muscle fibre size
  • addition of contractile proteins in muscle cell
  • protein synthesis exceeds protein breakdown
18
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A
  • increase in number of muscle fibres
  • more evidence to support hyperplasia in animals
19
Q

what is the correlation between CSA and strength?

A

strong correlation between CSA and strength but no correlation between number of fibers and strength

20
Q

what are the causes of muscle hyper trophy?

A
  • Increase in protein synthesis, mTOR, ribosomal biogenesis
  • Resistance training
  • Increase in ACSA= area perpendicular to a muscle longitudal axis
  • Increase in PCSA= (muscle mass x cosine of pennation angle) / (fibre length x muscle density)
21
Q

how does the muscle chain in response to strength training?

A
  • Occur in the muscle fibres
  • Changes to the pennation angle and fascicle length
22
Q

what influences the rate of hyper trophy

A
  • Upper body has increased hypertrophy cuz lower body has pre habitual loading and a different fibre-type composition
  • Women have 60-80% strength and CSA of muscles of men
  • Absolute strength changes are greater in men
23
Q

what is loss and gain of muscle?

A

loss = catabolism
gain = anabolism

24
Q

what does a pennation angle muscle fibre cause?

A
  • More sarcomere in parallel (increases force)
  • More cross bridges
  • More muscle fibers
25
Q

what does sarcomere is series mean?

A

Greater velocity
greater displacement

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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