Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment.
A dynamic process by which we adjust to changes in the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is Homeostasis of one variable independent on another?

A

No- one variable depends on another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the regulated (sensed) variable

A

It had sensors (‘receptors’) within the system that’s send afferent signals to the brain to keep the regulated variable within a limited range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the feedback system for the arterial P02?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the feedback system for mean arterial pressure?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the feedback system for blood glucose concentration?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the feedback system for core body temperature?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the feedback system for core body temperature?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a tightly controlled variable and give an example?

A

A variable that at any given time is close to a predicted value
E.g partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, acid balance (PH), partial pressure or C02 in blood, blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a loosely controlled variable & give an example?

A

the variable may fluctuate in response to diurnal rhythms. E.g blood glucose, internal body temperature, body water & body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Set Point?

A

a physiological value that the body works to maintain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is the regulated variable returned to normal?

A

Gain- when the variable is lowered and needs increasing
Reset- when the variable is increased and needs decreasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the equation for a gain in the regulated variable?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does a large gain indicate?

A
  • more sensitive regulation
  • maintains better normal conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

acts to reduce an effect and opposes the change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common regulatory feedback?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe an example of negative feedback?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Acts to increase an effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe an example of positive feedback

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is feedforward loop? and example?

A

physiological responses in anticipation of a change in a variable
E.g heart rate increasing prior to a running race

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a reflex response?

A

involuntary response to a stimuli. It requires knowledge from an integrating centre and a circuit that connects the receptor and effector (hormones & transmitters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a local response? & example?

A

a response that doesn’t involve nerves or hormones. Allows individual parts of the body to self regulate.
e.g autocrine and paracrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the reflex arc loop?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Allostasis? & example?

A

involves both short and long term adaptations. E.g elevated heart rate during exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is the human brain bigger than is should be?

A

Yes- typically the brain scales with body size but our brain is much bigger given our body size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the difference in primate brains and other animal brains?

A

As the brain gets bigger the neurones get bigger. But in primates the neutrons remains the same size so more can be packed into the brain

27
Q

Why do we have a brain?

A
  • interprets all info from the outside world
  • central body functions
  • intelligence, thought, emotion
  • control movement
28
Q

why did brains evolve?

A
  • environmental challenges
  • social interactions
  • cultural transmission
  • info processing
29
Q

what are the 4 similarities in all brains?

A
  • cerebrum: voluntary movements
  • tectum: control movements in response to stimuli
  • cerebellum: coordination
  • spinal cord: automatic movements
30
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

Central & Peripheral

31
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A
  • everything inside the spine & skull: cortex, subcortical structures, spinal cord
  • structures are encased in bone
  • very poor at fixing itself if damaged
32
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • everything outside the spine & skull: nerves (axons connecting CNS & body), ganglion (clusters of cells)
  • can regrow after damage
33
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • to sense changes in and out the body
  • process the sensory information
  • initiate a response
34
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • to sense changes in and out the body
  • process the sensory information
  • initiate a response
35
Q

What is the Overview and order of the CNS and its responses?

A
36
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system? & examples?

A

Sympathetic- fight or flight
E.g increase heart rate, dilate pupil, secretes adrenaline

37
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system? & examples?

A

Rest and digest
E.g slows heart rate, stimulates digestion

38
Q

what is the sensory division? & the 5 systems?

A
  • afferent nerves send info
    Visual, Auditory, Olfactory (smell) , Gustatory (taste), tactile sensation (touch)
    in addition to
    • vestibular - sense of head movement in space
    • proprioceptive - sensation from the muscles and joints of the body
39
Q

Describe the Somatic Response

A

1• sensory input- receptor monitors change & sends info by afferent nerves
2• Integration- info processed & decision made
3• Effector Organs activated (muscles/glands) by efferent nerves

40
Q

What are the two major cells in the nervous system?

A

Glial & neurones

41
Q

What is a neurone?

A

Electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via synapses

42
Q

What makes up a neurone?

A
  • cell body: contains nucleus and filaments called dendrites
  • dendrites: branch off cell
  • axon: single long projection from cell body & covered in myelin
  • myelin: fatty sheath that makes electrical signals pass more quickly
  • axon terminal: when axon ends and constrains dendrites so Info can pass
43
Q

How is information passed within neurones?

A

Electrical- from cell body to axon terminal
1• signal arrives at the dendrite- change electrical charge of cell
2• if charge reaches a set point threshold action potential occurs and travels down axon
3• information is coded by the firing rate of action potential

44
Q

How is information passed between neurones?

A
  1. when an action potential reached the axon terminals it causes calcium to enter the terminal.
  2. this causes synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters to bind to the cell membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft.
  3. the neurotransmitter binds to specialist receptors on the dendrites of the next neurone.
  4. If the neurotransmitter is inhibitory this lowers the charge in the receiving neurone, if the neurotransmitter is excitatory it increases the charge in the receiving neurone.
  5. If the charge in a receiving neurone passes the threshold the neurone will fire a action potential
45
Q

Name the 5 major types of glial cell?

A

Astrocytes, oliodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglia, ependymal cells
** the others are non neuronal and do not process info

46
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

·regulate chemicals around neurones- regulate glucose, regulate ion concentrations, neurotransmitter uptake
·regulate blood flow around the brain- vasomodulation
·nervous system repair - following injury astrocytes fill spaces in the nervous system creating glial scars.
·maintenance of the blood-brain barrier

47
Q

What do oliodendrocytes do?

A

· form the myelin sheath on axons in the central nervous system - myelin is a fatty, protein rich sheath that wraps around axons.
· each oligodendrocyte can myelinate up to 50 axons
· It is these cells that are attacked in multiple sclerosis.

48
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

· form myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
· assist in regeneration & regrowth of axons.
· myelin allows axon potentials to propagate more quickly.

49
Q

What do microglia cells do?

A

· are the brains immune system
· scavenge the central nervous system for plaques, damaged cells and infectious agents

50
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

· make up a membrane called the ependyma, which is a thin membrane lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles. they produces cerebrospinal fluid

51
Q

What is white matter?

A

the part of the brain made up of axons due to the myelin sheath that insulates the neurones being made up of fat, proteins and is white

52
Q

What is grey matter?

A

the areas of the brain that contain mainly the cell bodies of the neurones - nuclei, ganglion, cortex – they appear pink in the fresh tissue, but grey in perfused (grey matter).

53
Q

What is the basic layout of the motor system?

A

spinal cord
medulla
pons
Cerebellum
midbrain
thalamus
Basal ganglia
Cerebral cortex

54
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

Medulla, pons & cerebellum

55
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

controls basic motor functions:
cardiac – central chemoreceptors sense oxygen levels in brain and alter heart rate & blood pressure.
respiration – chemoreceptors sense changes in blood chemistry and increase breathing rate.
reflexes - vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

56
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum

57
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

maintenance of balance and posture. coordination of movements. especially cross multiple joints. motor learning

58
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

tectum controls rapid orientation of the head and neck: superior colliculus – vision & inferior colliculus – sound. also associated sleep and wake cycles, alertness, and temperature regulation.

59
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

takes information from the periphery and passes it to the
cortex. NB – hypothalamus- hormones, metabolic control - e.g. hunger

60
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

• movement regulation
• skill learning
• habit formation
• reward systems
• selection of appropriate behaviours
• self-initiation of behaviours

61
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

• movement
• attention
• perception
• awareness
• thought
• memory
• language
• consciousness.

62
Q

What are the early developments of the brain?

A
63
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

Send motor commands and Proprioceptors detect movement of the body and send it to the spinal cord.

Human Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions