Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two neural systems in the brain?

A

Cortical and subcortical control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are reflexes?

A
  • rapid and automatic
  • no or little voluntary control
  • can be simple (stretch reflex) and complex (breathing)
  • occur in the spinal cord and low in brain stem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the Brian three things controlled my subcortical brain?

A

1• The brain stem
2• the cerebellum
3• basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two parts of the brain stem?

A

1• reticular formation: a set of interconnected nuclei. The reticulospinal tract originates here and helps to maintain posture and balance (predicts) when lifting arms and legs
2• Vestibular nuclei: the vestibular system originates in vestibular nuclei and is the sensory system that provides balance, spatial protestation and coordination (move the eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A
  • highly gilded structure, 10% of brain and constrains more inputs that outputs
  • damage to cerebellum means movements are made but uncoordinated
  • contains end of rubrospinal tract
  • control hands shape in grasping movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract?

A
  • contains a red nucleus that is extremely vascular
  • receives input from cerebelllum and motor cortex
  • rubrospinal fibres terminate in cervical and lumbar cord for movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the pathways through the basal ganglia?

A

1• Direct Pathway- runs directly through BG. Has excitatory effect on cortex and produces movement
2• indirect pathway- takes a longer loop through BG. Has an inhibitory effect on cortex and prevents movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens if basal ganglia is damaged?

A

there is too much or too little movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the main aspects of cortical control of movement?

A
  • cerebral cortex : containing 3 cortical motor regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the cerebral cortex contain?

A
  • detailed somatotopic maps of the body- homunculi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why does the cerebral cortex contain homunculi?

A
  • due to areas of the body with highly interlaced muscles and densely packed receptors, the brain needs to be able to target specific areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can the brains somatotopic maps be used for?

A
  • help to remove tumors by mapping parts of the brain to what
  • stimulate the motor cortex and see which muscles twitch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are the 3 cortical regions identified?

A
  • neurones increase their firing rates before movements
  • neurones axons terminate in the motor centres of the brain stem and spinal cord
  • electrical stimulation in these areas causes movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the main 3 cortical motor regions?

A

1• primary motor cortex- force, direction, speed and extent. Is visually and memory guided
2• pre motor cortex- planning movement, spatial awareness and sensory movement. Is visually guided
3• SMA- supplementary motor cortex- bimanual coordination, internally generated movements. Memory guided

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What information does the primary sensory cortex receive?

A
  • Touch
  • Proprioception
  • Joint position sense
  • Kinesthesis
  • Sensation of resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the posterior parietal cortex do?

A
  • Command for operations of limbs, hands and eyes
  • Integrates sensory information to execute complex movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the most important tract?

A

corticospinal tract for precise control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

pathways to and from the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 4 sections of the spinal cord

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

label the sections of the spinal cord

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are sections of grey matter

A

sensory information-
• sensory neurones come to spinal cord via dorsal horn
Motor information-
• motor neurones leave the spinal chord via the ventral spinal horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the sections of white matter in the spinal cord?

A
  • descending system
  • ascending system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the descending system parts?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the ascending system parts

A
25
Q

what is the difference in neurones leaving and entering the spinal cord?

A

*both pass into the spinal nerves
sensory neurones- has cell bodies outside the dorsal horn in a series called the dorsal root ganglion
motor neurones- have cell bodies inside the central horn

26
Q

3 facts about nerves

A
  • 31 pairs of nerves
  • the size of neurones and amount of info carried is different
  • dermatomes: an area of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root
27
Q

what is 2 point discrimination?

A
  • how finely an area of skin is innervated
  • start with two points close together, the individual may feel just one point, move points further apart until separate points are felt
28
Q

what is a motor pool?

A

all the motor units connected to a single muscle

29
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

the motor neurones and all the muscle fibres it contacts
- each muscle fibre is integrated by one motor neurone
- motor neurones can innovate many muscle fibres

30
Q

What is a spinal enlargement

A
  • the position of the spinal cord supplying the arms and legs is enlarged
  • it contains more sensory receptors
31
Q

what does stimulus intensity determine?

A

the size of receptor potential

32
Q

what does firing frequency code for?

A

Intensity

33
Q

what does a single action potential produce

A

single twitches

34
Q

what happens when the muscle is unable to contract further

A

maximal contraction

35
Q

what happens when the muscle is unable to contract further

A

maximal contraction- tetanus contractions
- the muscle cannot relax between action potentials

36
Q

What is a rate code?

A

the motor neurones send a signal about the amount of force to be exerted by a muscle

37
Q

what are the 4 freq graphs

A
38
Q

what is the size principle

A

As the input strength increases, the smaller motor neurones are recruited first and fire action potentials before larger motor neurones are recruited

39
Q

what does strength training causes early on?

A
  • quicker firing rates
  • brain adapts earlier than muscle fibres
40
Q

what are the two types of glands?

A
  1. Exocrine- secrete their products into ducts e g sweat
  2. Endocrine- release hormones into blood
41
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

consists of glands and organs that secrete hormones

42
Q

what are hormones?

A
  • chemical messengers carried by blood
  • enhance or inhibit cellular reactions
  • can be present at very low concentrations
  • only affects target cells
43
Q

what are functions of hormones?

A
  • Help regulate- volume of internal environment, metabolism, contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle, glandular secretion and immune system activities
  • Control growth and development
  • Regulate reproductive system
  • Helps to Establish circadian rhythm
44
Q

How does the endocrine system and nervous system work together?

A

Hormones are chemical, longer lasting effects and act more slowly while nervous systems are electrical circuits, short lived effects and act quickly

45
Q

what are the differences between the endocrine and nervous system

A
46
Q

What are the hormones categories

A

Amine
Peptides and proteins
Steroids

47
Q

What are amines?

A

Thyroid Hormone, Dopamine, Epinephrine: come from amino acids and secreted by adrenal medulla and hypothalamus. They bind to plasma proteins in blood:

48
Q

what are proteins and peptides

A

Insulin: most hormones are polypeptides and are synthesised as inactive molecutles until they become peptides which are mostly water soluble and dissolve in blood:

49
Q

What are steroids

A

Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens (testosterone), estrogens: produced from cholesterol in adrenal cortex and gonads. They bind to plasma proteins in blood

50
Q

what is the hormonal system overview?

A
51
Q

What does the liver and kidney do?

A

Liver- responsible for metabolic inactivation
Kidneys- filter blood and remove waste products (water soluble molecules removed faster)

52
Q

what do hormonal receptors do?

A
  • found in target cells
  • most lipid soluble hormone receptors are inside cell
  • most water soluble hormone receptors are outside on plasma membrane
53
Q

what does the responsiveness of a target cell depend on?

A
  • The hormones concentration in the blood
  • The amount of target cell hormone receptor
  • The influences of other hormones
54
Q

How do other hormones influence hormones?

A

Permissive- action of one hormone enhancing another
synergistic- effect of two hormones acting together to have a greater response, antagonistic- one hormone opposes the other hormone

55
Q

What does the secretion of a hormones spend on?

A
  • lon concentration that the hormone regulates
  • Neural input to endocrine system (neurotransmitters)
  • Other hormones
56
Q

How is blood glucose concentration regulated?

A
57
Q

How is hormone secretion controlled? By neural input

A

The autonomic nervous system controls hormone secretion via the adrenal medulla and endocrine glands cell.
The hypothalamus controls hormone secretion via the anterior and posterior pituitary gland.

58
Q

what other hormones impact hormone secretion?

A

Tropic hormone- a hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone (FSH, TSH)

59
Q

What are the 4 endocrine disorders?

A

• Hyposecretion- too little secretion (type 1 diabetes)
• Hyper secretion - too much secretion (gigantism)
• Hyporesponsiveness- decreased target cell response to hormone (type 2 d)
• Hyperresponsiveness- increased target cell response to hormone (increase HR
due to thyroid)

Human Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions