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Human Physiology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two neural systems in the brain?

A

Cortical and subcortical control

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2
Q

What are reflexes?

A
  • rapid and automatic
  • no or little voluntary control
  • can be simple (stretch reflex) and complex (breathing)
  • occur in the spinal cord and low in brain stem
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3
Q

What are the Brian three things controlled my subcortical brain?

A

1• The brain stem
2• the cerebellum
3• basal ganglia

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the brain stem?

A

1• reticular formation: a set of interconnected nuclei. The reticulospinal tract originates here and helps to maintain posture and balance (predicts) when lifting arms and legs
2• Vestibular nuclei: the vestibular system originates in vestibular nuclei and is the sensory system that provides balance, spatial protestation and coordination (move the eyes)

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5
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A
  • highly gilded structure, 10% of brain and constrains more inputs that outputs
  • damage to cerebellum means movements are made but uncoordinated
  • contains end of rubrospinal tract
  • control hands shape in grasping movement
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6
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract?

A
  • contains a red nucleus that is extremely vascular
  • receives input from cerebelllum and motor cortex
  • rubrospinal fibres terminate in cervical and lumbar cord for movement
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7
Q

What are the pathways through the basal ganglia?

A

1• Direct Pathway- runs directly through BG. Has excitatory effect on cortex and produces movement
2• indirect pathway- takes a longer loop through BG. Has an inhibitory effect on cortex and prevents movement

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8
Q

What happens if basal ganglia is damaged?

A

there is too much or too little movements

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9
Q

What are the main aspects of cortical control of movement?

A
  • cerebral cortex : containing 3 cortical motor regions
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10
Q

What does the cerebral cortex contain?

A
  • detailed somatotopic maps of the body- homunculi
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11
Q

Why does the cerebral cortex contain homunculi?

A
  • due to areas of the body with highly interlaced muscles and densely packed receptors, the brain needs to be able to target specific areas
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12
Q

What can the brains somatotopic maps be used for?

A
  • help to remove tumors by mapping parts of the brain to what
  • stimulate the motor cortex and see which muscles twitch
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13
Q

How are the 3 cortical regions identified?

A
  • neurones increase their firing rates before movements
  • neurones axons terminate in the motor centres of the brain stem and spinal cord
  • electrical stimulation in these areas causes movements
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14
Q

What are the main 3 cortical motor regions?

A

1• primary motor cortex- force, direction, speed and extent. Is visually and memory guided
2• pre motor cortex- planning movement, spatial awareness and sensory movement. Is visually guided
3• SMA- supplementary motor cortex- bimanual coordination, internally generated movements. Memory guided

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15
Q

What information does the primary sensory cortex receive?

A
  • Touch
  • Proprioception
  • Joint position sense
  • Kinesthesis
  • Sensation of resistance
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16
Q

what does the posterior parietal cortex do?

A
  • Command for operations of limbs, hands and eyes
  • Integrates sensory information to execute complex movements
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17
Q

what is the most important tract?

A

corticospinal tract for precise control

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18
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

pathways to and from the brain

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19
Q

what are the 4 sections of the spinal cord

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
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20
Q

label the sections of the spinal cord

A
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21
Q

what are sections of grey matter

A

sensory information-
• sensory neurones come to spinal cord via dorsal horn
Motor information-
• motor neurones leave the spinal chord via the ventral spinal horn

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22
Q

What are the sections of white matter in the spinal cord?

A
  • descending system
  • ascending system
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23
Q

Describe the descending system parts?

A
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24
Q

Describe the ascending system parts

25
what is the difference in neurones leaving and entering the spinal cord?
*both pass into the spinal nerves sensory neurones- has cell bodies outside the dorsal horn in a series called the dorsal root ganglion motor neurones- have cell bodies inside the central horn
26
3 facts about nerves
- 31 pairs of nerves - the size of neurones and amount of info carried is different - dermatomes: an area of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root
27
what is 2 point discrimination?
- how finely an area of skin is innervated - start with two points close together, the individual may feel just one point, move points further apart until separate points are felt
28
what is a motor pool?
all the motor units connected to a single muscle
29
What is a motor unit?
the motor neurones and all the muscle fibres it contacts - each muscle fibre is integrated by one motor neurone - motor neurones can innovate many muscle fibres
30
What is a spinal enlargement
- the position of the spinal cord supplying the arms and legs is enlarged - it contains more sensory receptors
31
what does stimulus intensity determine?
the size of receptor potential
32
what does firing frequency code for?
Intensity
33
what does a single action potential produce
single twitches
34
what happens when the muscle is unable to contract further
maximal contraction
35
what happens when the muscle is unable to contract further
maximal contraction- tetanus contractions - the muscle cannot relax between action potentials
36
What is a rate code?
the motor neurones send a signal about the amount of force to be exerted by a muscle
37
what are the 4 freq graphs
38
what is the size principle
As the input strength increases, the smaller motor neurones are recruited first and fire action potentials before larger motor neurones are recruited
39
what does strength training causes early on?
- quicker firing rates - brain adapts earlier than muscle fibres
40
what are the two types of glands?
1. Exocrine- secrete their products into ducts e g sweat 2. Endocrine- release hormones into blood
41
what is the endocrine system?
consists of glands and organs that secrete hormones
42
what are hormones?
- chemical messengers carried by blood - enhance or inhibit cellular reactions - can be present at very low concentrations - only affects target cells
43
what are functions of hormones?
- Help regulate- volume of internal environment, metabolism, contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle, glandular secretion and immune system activities - Control growth and development - Regulate reproductive system - Helps to Establish circadian rhythm
44
How does the endocrine system and nervous system work together?
Hormones are chemical, longer lasting effects and act more slowly while nervous systems are electrical circuits, short lived effects and act quickly
45
what are the differences between the endocrine and nervous system
46
What are the hormones categories
Amine Peptides and proteins Steroids
47
What are amines?
Thyroid Hormone, Dopamine, Epinephrine: come from amino acids and secreted by adrenal medulla and hypothalamus. They bind to plasma proteins in blood:
48
what are proteins and peptides
Insulin: most hormones are polypeptides and are synthesised as inactive molecutles until they become peptides which are mostly water soluble and dissolve in blood:
49
What are steroids
Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens (testosterone), estrogens: produced from cholesterol in adrenal cortex and gonads. They bind to plasma proteins in blood
50
what is the hormonal system overview?
51
What does the liver and kidney do?
Liver- responsible for metabolic inactivation Kidneys- filter blood and remove waste products (water soluble molecules removed faster)
52
what do hormonal receptors do?
- found in target cells - most lipid soluble hormone receptors are inside cell - most water soluble hormone receptors are outside on plasma membrane
53
what does the responsiveness of a target cell depend on?
- The hormones concentration in the blood - The amount of target cell hormone receptor - The influences of other hormones
54
How do other hormones influence hormones?
Permissive- action of one hormone enhancing another synergistic- effect of two hormones acting together to have a greater response, antagonistic- one hormone opposes the other hormone
55
What does the secretion of a hormones spend on?
- lon concentration that the hormone regulates - Neural input to endocrine system (neurotransmitters) - Other hormones
56
How is blood glucose concentration regulated?
57
How is hormone secretion controlled? By neural input
The autonomic nervous system controls hormone secretion via the adrenal medulla and endocrine glands cell. The hypothalamus controls hormone secretion via the anterior and posterior pituitary gland.
58
what other hormones impact hormone secretion?
Tropic hormone- a hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone (FSH, TSH)
59
What are the 4 endocrine disorders?
• Hyposecretion- too little secretion (type 1 diabetes) • Hyper secretion - too much secretion (gigantism) • Hyporesponsiveness- decreased target cell response to hormone (type 2 d) • Hyperresponsiveness- increased target cell response to hormone (increase HR due to thyroid)

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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