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Human Physiology > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is myogenic of arterial diameter?

A

an increase in pressure leads to muscle stretch and then a recoil by constriction (this is the myogenic response)

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2
Q

what are neural controls to regulate diameter and flow of arteries?

A
  • vasoconstrictors: sympathetic nerves that release norepinephrine
  • vasodilators: parasympathetic nerves - neurones that release nitric oxide
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3
Q

what are the hormonal controls to regulate blood flow?

A

vasoconstrictors- Epinephrine & vasopressin
vasodilators- epinephrine
** 2x but different receptor

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4
Q

what are local controls in changing blood flow?

A
  • vasoconstrictors: internal blood pressure & endothelin
  • vasodilators: decrease in oxygen, increase c02, h & k, adenosine, during injury,
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5
Q

what is a tonic state?

A
  • arterial smooth smooth are partially contracted
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6
Q

what are the properties of capillaries?

A
  • numerous
  • large SA
  • thin
    ** for diffusion
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7
Q

What is flicks law of diffusion

A
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8
Q

What is flicks law of diffusion

A
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9
Q

what is important about the total cross sectional area of capillaries?

A
  • it dictates the velocity of blood flow
  • provides enough time for diffusion to reach equilibrium
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10
Q

describe the types of capillaries?

A
  • continuous: endothelial cells tightly packed (muscle, nerve, fat)
  • fenestrated: allow for open and close
    (Glands, kidneys, intestines)
  • discontinuous: where blood cells are produced so they can enter circ. system (spleen, bone marrow, liver)
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11
Q

what are the types of transport?

A

diffusion- oxygen & c02
vesicle transport (active transport) - larger molecules like proteins
bulk flow- water and solutes

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12
Q

what are the properties of veins?

A
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13
Q

what is the difference between healthy and diseased veins?

A

healthy- contain valves to prevent back flow of blood
unhealthy- causes blood to accumulate at extremities

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14
Q

what is venous return?

A

the driving pressure caused by the difference in central venous pressure and right atrial pressure

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15
Q

what are veins affected by?

A

veins are affected by hydrostatic pressure which opposes load flowing towards the heart

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16
Q

how does the diameter of veins change?

A
  • The diameter of veins is affected by blood circulating epinephrine
  • The sympathetic stimulation releases norepinephrine to the veins smooth muscle which displaces the blood to the heart
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17
Q

what is the skeletal muscle pump?

A
  • Pressure in distal veins falls & so skeletal muscle contracts to push blood back to the heart
18
Q

how does the respiratory pump affect inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration- intrathoracic pressure decreases and intrabdominal pressure increase
Expiration- intrathroracic pressure increases and intrabdominal pressure decrease

19
Q

What pressure changes occur in inspiration and expiration

A

Pressure changes in the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

20
Q

what do lympth vessels do

A
  • Lymph vessels collect filtered fluid from the interstitial space and return it to the circulating blood system
21
Q

What is lympth composition

A

Lymph composition is similar to plasma with a lower protein content

22
Q

what is oedema

A
  • accumulation of excess fluid in the intestinal space due to
  • increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • decrease plasma osmotic pressure
23
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Transports oxygen, nutrients and metabolites and removes waste products and
  • Distributes hormones and secrets some hormones
  • Involvement in homeostasis and regulates body temp
24
Q

What are the two circulatory systems

A

1• pulmonary- connects heart and lungs in series, always enough blood
2• Systemic- connects heart and body in parallel, not always enough blood to support needs so is distributed

25
Q

what are the properties of fluid (blood)

A

• fluids are incompressible - the blood cannot be squeezed into a smaller volume
• blood fluid moves by a driving pressure = the pressure between 2 points (moves from high to low)
• Darcys law - the flow depends on pressure difference not the highest amounts of pressure

26
Q

what is Darcy’s law

A
27
Q

what is poiseuilles law

A
28
Q

how is flow related to pressure and radius?

A
29
Q

how does the cross section area affect flow?

A
30
Q

What is the cross sectional area a measure of?

A
31
Q

What is the cross sectional area a measure of?

A
32
Q

What are the bottom and top of heart called?

A
  • Left side of heart is slightly smaller to make room for the heart
  • The bottom on the heart is the apex of the heart (point part)
  • The top of the heart is the base
33
Q

what are the external parts of the heart?

A

External Parts of the heart:
• coronary circulation
• pericardium - fibrous sac surrounding heart to
Protects the heart
Provides lubrication
Attaches to diaphragm to keep it in place

34
Q

What are the internal parts of the heart

A
35
Q

what are the parts of cardiac muscle

A
36
Q

compare skeletal and cardiac muscle

A
37
Q

what is the difference in the contractions in skeletal and cardiac muscle

A
38
Q

what is the signal propagation in the heart?

A
  • the electrical signals in the heart causing contractions originate from gap junctions
39
Q

What are the components of arteries

A

Adventitia -
• provides structure strength (for high pressures)
• in large vessels (aorta) the adventitia contain small blood vessels
Elastin -
• Allows vessel to expand & recoil - regulates blood pressure
Endothelium -
• forms lumen
• filters between the blood & the body
• secretes vasoactive products - hormones
Smooth muscle
• contractile power
Pre-capillary sphincters -
• controls blood flow to specific capillaries
• squeezes vessel so resistance increases & blood is diverted

40
Q

What is mean arterial pressure

A

• the average blood pressure during a cardiac cycle
• the blood flow changes in pressure at different parts of the body in order to distribute the blood → but arterial pressure is maintained

41
Q

what is active hyperaemia & what causes it?

A

an increase in blood flow according to the metabolic needs of the tissue

42
Q

what is flow auto regulation and how is it maintained?

A

= the maintenance of blood flow. So when blood pressure drops vessels constrict & when blood pressure rises the blood vessels dilate (the driving force decreases)
+ increased blood pressure causes blood flow to rise so vasodilator is removed and vasoconstrictor occurs so flow returns to normal (as flow increases, pressure decreases)

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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