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midterm > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

we have __ __ of our world

A

subjective experiences

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2
Q

those experiences are created from

A

physical phenomena that we encounter

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3
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

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4
Q

What was Gustav Fechner particularly interested in

A

studying strength of stimuli and how we detect/differentiate information from the environment

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5
Q

stimulus

A

any detectable input from the environment

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6
Q

Fechner and other of the time were particulary interest in

A

the minimum intensity required for us to detect something

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7
Q

they called this

A

the Threshold for detection

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8
Q

Threshold

A

a dividing point between energy levels that do not have a detectable effect

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9
Q

he was also interested in how

A

different two stimuli had to be in order for us to tell them apart

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10
Q

these are referred to as

A

noticeable differences

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11
Q

just noticeable differences

A

the smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect

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12
Q

the nervous system codes information from the

A

environment using neurons and sensory receptors

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13
Q

give an example

A

cells in your eyes detect light

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14
Q

this information is then transfromed into

A

a mental representation in the brain through a separate process

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15
Q

we call these two processes

A

sensation and perception

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16
Q

our organs are capable of

A

detecting information from our environment

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17
Q

this process is called

A

sensation

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18
Q

give an example

A

when light hits the retina in the eye it is detected by cells, this is the sensation of light

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19
Q

there are more than __ senses give an example

A

6 ( proprioception)

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20
Q

sensation relies on

A

sensory receptors

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21
Q

sensory receptors (sensory cells)

A

convert stimuli form the environment into patterns of patterns of electrical signals (action potentials)

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22
Q

sensory neurons

A

nerve cells that transmit sensory information form the body to the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

Sensation

A

The stimulation if sensory organs

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24
Q

some sensory receptors are neurons with

A

encapsulated or free nerve endings

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25
Q

these are

A

primary sensory receptors

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26
Q

Primary sensory receptors

A

Neurons that directly convert a stimulus into electrical signals

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27
Q

in this case the __ itself directlly__ ___ from the ___

A

in this case the neuron itself directly senses stimuli form the environment

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28
Q

directly conducts __ impulse to __

A

electrical impulse to CNS

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29
Q

Somatosensation

A

Detecting pressure form the surface of the skin

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30
Q

Many sensory receptors require a second specialized cell type which are

A

Secondary receptors

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31
Q

Secondary sensory receptors

A

non-neuronal cells that first repsons to a stimulus and then communicate it to a nearby neuron

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32
Q

specialized __ that trasmit __ to nearby __ __

A

specialized cells that transmit information to nearby sensory neurons

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33
Q

the sensory receptor is __ part of the neuron

A

not

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34
Q

which conducts __ impulse to __

A

Which conducts electrical impulse to CNS

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35
Q

Example

A

hair cells (hearing)

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36
Q

in both cases information is sensed from

A

from the environment by some sensory cell

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37
Q

it is then

A

converteted to action potentials ( electrical activity) of sensory neurons

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38
Q

from there

A

it is transmitted to the brain

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39
Q

information detetced form our enivronemnt must also

A

used by the brain

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40
Q

the brian uses this to create

A

our conscious experience of the world

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41
Q

the proces of turning sensed information into usable information by the brain is called

A

perception

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42
Q

Preception

A

The selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input

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43
Q

Preception is the ___ of our ___ experience of information ___ from the environment

A

Preception is the creation of our conscious experience of information sensed from the environment

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44
Q

those mental representation are called

A

percepts

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45
Q

give an example

A

you can probably imagine and mentally visualize an object you have seen earlier today

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46
Q

Percept

A

A mental representation of sensory input, forming our concious awareness if the world

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47
Q

when does perception happen

A

not until information reaches the brain

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48
Q

primary cortices

A

first create mental experience from sensory information

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49
Q

responsible for

A

processing patterns of sensory information

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50
Q

so information is __ first and then __

A

sensed, perceived

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51
Q

perception creates a

A

mental represenation of information form sensory information

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52
Q

Preception helps us to

A

Helps us to recognize objects, understand their context and make menaing out of our surroundings, etc

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53
Q

Where does sensation mostly happen

A

In the periphery

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54
Q

Where does preception happen

A

In the Brain

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55
Q

what historical perspective neglects this phenomenon

A

fechners historical threshold perspective

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56
Q

it suggest

A

that there is actually no single minimum threshold for detecting sounds or other stimuli form the environment

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57
Q

attention capture is affected by

A

context and importance

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58
Q

this is the basic premise of

A

signal detection theory

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59
Q

signal detection theory

A

Proposes that the detection of stimuli involves both decsion process and sensory process, which are influenced by a variety of factors besides signal intensity

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60
Q

it is not only the __ of the stimulus that matters

A

strength

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61
Q

psychological processes also influence whether or not and how

A

we detect information from our environment

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62
Q

Sensitivity of sensory systems are __ static

A

not

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63
Q

Contiunuosuly activating a sensory system will tent to

A

reduce its sensitivity

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64
Q

give an example

A

when in the light for a long peirod it is difficult to see if you suddenly turn out the lights

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65
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

a gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation

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66
Q

light enters from the __ and is focused by the __ onto the __ at the __ back of the eye

A

light enters from the cornea and is focused by the lens onto the retina at the_ back of the eye

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67
Q

the retina contains

A

light-sensitive cells called rods and cones

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68
Q

Retina

A

A layer of photoreceptors cells within the eye that captures incoming light and transmits visual signals along neuronal pathways

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69
Q

what do these cells do

A

convert light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain

70
Q

rods

A

visual recepetors that play a role in night vison and peripheral vison

71
Q

cones

A

visual receptors that play a role in daylight and color vison

72
Q

Visual fields

A

Are projected to the brain contralaterally

73
Q

the blind spot

A

is a small area on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye

74
Q

it lacks __ __ so it cannot

A

it lacks photoreceptor cells so it cannot detect light or form images

75
Q

visual fields

A

are projected to the brain contralaterally

76
Q

__ __ from each eye __ __ to the opposite __ for processing

A

_visual _ information from each eye crosses over to the opposite hemisphere for processing

77
Q

Contralateral

A

Projected to the opposite side of the brain

78
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Projected to the same side of the brain

79
Q

this information crosses over at the __ where the __ __ meet

A

this information crosses over at the optic chiasm where the optic _nerves- meet

80
Q

then vision is first proccesed at the

A

the back of the brain

81
Q

where is the primary visual cortex located

A

in the occipital lobes

82
Q

Dorsal stream

A

The “Where pathway”

83
Q

What does it do

A

Procceses information about where objects are

84
Q

Ventral stream

A

The “What” pathway

85
Q

What does it do

A

Proccesess information about what objects are

86
Q

Trichromoatic theory color

A

Suggests that our ability to perceived color is based on the presence of three types of color receptors (cones)in the retina

87
Q

These three done types are sensitive to

A

Specitic wavelengths of light; red, green and blue

88
Q

Our brain can perceived a wide range of colors by

A

Climbing the sunglasses from these three types of cones

89
Q

Color blindness

A

Defienciens in the ability to distinguish colors

90
Q

Most color blind individuals are

A

Dichromate menaing they can only see two of the three primary colors

91
Q

This kind of color blindness is Rare

A

Complete color blindness

92
Q

We have how many types of cones

A

3 types red, green blue

93
Q

Who discovered that

A

George Wald

94
Q

Out viaula perception is based on

A

Vision and a combination of other factors

95
Q

Our visual systems often rely on

A

Past experiences

96
Q

Illusory motion

A

Stationary or no-moving objects creatcthe false impression of motion due to the brains interpretation of visual clues

97
Q

The Brain automatically fills in missing information from

A

Surrounding visual clues

98
Q

This can lead to

A

Negative space illusions

99
Q

Negative space illusion

A

Accused when thr brain struggles to distinguish between the main object and the surrounding empty space

100
Q

We rely extensively on both __ and __ together with on another

A

Vision and hearing

101
Q
A
102
Q

Where do sound vibrations enter

A

The outer ear

103
Q

They are then

A

Transmitted to the inner ear and choclea by three small bones called the ossicles

104
Q

Ossicles

A

Three small bones in the middle ear that transmit air vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear to be processed as sound

105
Q

What are the three bones

A

Stapes, industry and malleus

106
Q

What is the smallest bone in the body

A

Stapes

107
Q

Visual information reaching the brain must then be

A

Perceived

108
Q

Hubel & Wiesel discovered that certain cells in the brain respond to

A

simple shapes

109
Q

Give an example

A

Cells may respond to a particular angle of line, line width, etc.

110
Q

These neurons, located in VI, are called

A

feature detectors

111
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Neurons that respond selectively to very specific visual features of
more complex stimuli.

112
Q

Feature detectors respond

A

to very simple shapes

113
Q

Those simple shapes are combined

A

in the brain to aid with pattern recognition

114
Q

This is called

A

Feature Analysis

115
Q

Feature Analysis

A

The process of detecting specific elements in visual input and
assembling them into more complex forms

116
Q

The brain also has separate pathways for

A

processing different types of visual information
about objects

117
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

The Where pathway”

118
Q

processes information about

A

about
where objects are

119
Q

Ventral Stream

A

The “What” pathway

120
Q

Processes information
about

A

what objects are

121
Q

The earliest theory of color is

A

trichromatic theory

122
Q

Trichromatic Theory of Color
suggests

A

that our ability to perceive color is based on the presence of three types of color receptors (cones) in the retina

123
Q

These three cone types are __ to specific wavelengths of light

A

sensitive

124
Q

What colors

A

red. green, and biue

125
Q

by combining the signals from these three cone types, our

A

brain can perceive a wide
range of colors

126
Q

Auditory information is transmitted to the
brain
Received by the

A

by the
primary auditory cortex

127
Q

primary auditory cortex (Al):

A

The part of the brain, located in the temporal lobe, responsible for processing auditory information, including sound and
speech.

128
Q

tonotopic map:

A

A neural arrangement where specific sound frequen cies are
organized spatially for processing in the auditory system

129
Q

Different regions of Al
and different sound frequencies

A

Different regions of Al receive and process different sound frequencies

130
Q

SCCs are also ___ and contain __ ___

A

fluid-filled, hair cells

131
Q

This allows

A

detection of rotational movements of the head

132
Q

Damage to these systems can cause

A

vertigo (sensation of motion or spinning, dizziness)

133
Q

Sound vibrations enter the

A

outer ear

134
Q

They are then transmitted to

A

the inner ear and cochlea by three small bones called the
ossicles

135
Q

what are the three small bones

A
  • (Malleus, Incus, and Stapes)
136
Q

Ossicles:

A

three small bones in the middle ear that transmit air vibrations from the out
ear to the inner ear to be processed as sound

137
Q

____ is the smallest bone in the human body

A

Stapes

138
Q

Many sensory systems are __with one another

A

integrated / interrelated

139
Q

Example

A

We may interpret loud and slow sounding objects as being larger

140
Q

We rely extensively on both and together with one another

A

We rely extensively on both vision and hearing together with one another

141
Q

what we see/hear and what we perceive are two ____ things

A

what we see/hear and what we perceive are two different things

142
Q

We also tend to prefer to perceive ambiguous lighting scenarios as

A

being lit from above
rather than below (the ight-from-above prior”)

143
Q

the brain alsO automatically fills in
____ information from ___ ___ ___This can lead to
___ ___ ___

A

the brain alsO automatically fills in
missing information from surrounding visual cues This can lead to
negative space illusions

144
Q

Negative Space Illusion
occur

A

when the brain struggles to distinguish between the
main obịect and the surrounding empty space

145
Q

illusory Motion
stationary or non-moving objects create

A

the false impression of
motion due to the brain’s interpretation of visual cues

146
Q

Our understanding of objects comes from

A

experience

147
Q

We make assumptions about visual information based on

A

that experience

148
Q

Context:

A

We perceive the sizes of objects relative to their contextual surroundings

149
Q

What can cause visual illusions

A

Our perceptual systems making assumptions that are incorrect

150
Q

Visual Illusions:

A

An apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual
stimulus and its physical reality.

151
Q

Relative Size:

A

If objects are expected to be the same size, we perceive larger objects as
closer

152
Q

What we See and what we Perceive are

A

two different things

153
Q

Our visual perception is not just based on vision, but also

A

a combination of other factors as well

154
Q

Visual illusion illusory motion arises from

A

the
brain’s attempt to make sense of ambiguous or conflicting visual cues

155
Q

Our visual systems often rely on __ __
We also make __ about what we are seeing
Assumptions

A

past experiences
We also make Assumptions__ about what we are seeing

156
Q

Trichronmatic Theory explains ____ well

A

color-blindness well

157
Q

Color-blindness

A

Deficiencies in the ability to distinguish colors

158
Q

Most color-blind individuals are

A

dichromats

159
Q

dichromats :

A

can see only two of the three primary colors

160
Q

Complete color-blindness is

A

is rare

161
Q

Trichromatic theory explains __but it dosent not explain some other __

A

Trichromatic theory explains __but it dosent not explain some other __
Color-blindness, phenomena

162
Q

After-images

A

a visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed

163
Q

Recent work suggests that the reality is that

A

both theories are partially correct

164
Q

George Wald discovered that we do have just ____ types of cones: and what are they

A

3 types
Red, Green, and Blue

165
Q
  • However, later pathways in the visual processing system do seem to code colors as
    opposites. give 3 examples
A

opposites
(blue/yelow, red/green, and black/white)

166
Q

__ theory, explains this phenomenon
Opponent Process Theory

A

OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY

167
Q

Opponent Process Theory
Explains

A

color perception as a result of opposing pairs of color receptors

168
Q

3 Examples

A
  • Blue/Yellow
  • Red/Green
  • Black/White
169
Q

When one experiences sensory adaptation, the opposing cells

A

still fire

170
Q

Pairs of light-sensitive cells respond to

A

opposing colors

midterm (8 decks)

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