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midterm > Foundations of neuroscience week 6 > Flashcards

Foundations of neuroscience week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons have several maim parts common to all human cells

A

Soma
Nucleus
Membrane

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2
Q

Dendritic are covered in

A

Dendritic spines

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3
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Small protruding structures found on thr surface of dendritic in neurons

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4
Q

Acts

A

Acts as a receiving point for chemical release by other neurons

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5
Q

Neuronal azons are coated in

A

Myelin

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6
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Is a insulting material derived fringe specialized giap cells

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7
Q

Acts

A

To speed up action potentials (the electrical signals of neurons)

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8
Q

There are some (fewer) __ in the brain

A

Unmyelinated neurons

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9
Q

Schwann cells

A

Are glial cells that produce myelin but can only myelinate a single axon; they are located in the peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Are glial cells that produce mylin, and can myelintlate mutiple; they are located in the central nervous system

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11
Q

Myelin is produced by

A

Glial cells

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12
Q

In the vrain myelin is produced by

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin

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14
Q

what happens when myelin is damaged

A

neuron signaling slows down

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15
Q

this is the cause of

A

multiple sclerosis

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16
Q

multipe sclerosis

A

a chronic disease of the central nervous system (thought to be an autoimmune disease) caused by the loss of myelin around neuronal axons

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17
Q

membrane

A

a lipid bilayer surrounding neurons, controlling ion flow, signal reception and cell communication for neuron function

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18
Q

in neurons the membrane plays a crucial role in

A

regulating electrical activity of the cell

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19
Q

embedded in the membrane are

A

proteins

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20
Q

such as

A

ion channels

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21
Q

resting potential

A

is the baseline electrical charge across a neurons membrane when at rest

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22
Q

the extracellular fluid

A

the difference in charge between inside the cell and outside the cell

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23
Q

this electrical charge is about

A

-70 millivolts

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24
Q

this charge is maintained by two key features

A

ion channels
sodium potassium pump

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25
Q

ion channels

A

specialized proteins in the cell membrane that selectively allow specific ions like sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride to pass through

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26
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

a cellular protein that actively transports sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells, maintaining ion balance essential for cell function

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27
Q

these two mechanisms maintain the __ negative charge inside of the neuron

A

-70m charge

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28
Q

this charge is relative to the

A

extracellular fluid (cytoplasm)

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29
Q

The resting potential is required for

A

action potentials to occur

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30
Q

what is required for action potentials to occur

A

the resting potential

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31
Q

action potential

A

is a very brief shift in a neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon

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32
Q

during an action potential there is

A

there is a sudden reversal in the electrical charge of the cell

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33
Q

__ from the extracellular fluid rush into the cell

A

Ions

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34
Q

the electrical charge from inside the neuron rapidly, reverses from about

A

-70mv to about +30mv

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35
Q

this reversal is called

A

depolarization

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36
Q

action potential typically beginds near

A

the soma of the neuron

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37
Q

it then

A

propagates down the length of the axon rapidly

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38
Q

this is aided by

A

myelin

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39
Q

it increases the speed so

A

this charge can propagate down the length of the axon

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40
Q

this allows

A

individual neurons to send information over quite long distances ( the length of their axon

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41
Q

when an action potential begins __ executed

A

full executed

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42
Q

what happens when simulation of a neuron reaches a certain threshold

A

it triggers a full- strength action potential while sub-threshold stimuli do not produce any response

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43
Q

what is the all-or-none law

A

neurons either fire an action potential or they don’t

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44
Q

since action neurons only have on and off states intensity of stimuli

A

must be codded

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45
Q

action potentials can occur at very

A

high rates

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46
Q

some neurons can fire action potentials

A

tens or hundreds of times per second

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47
Q

faster firing =

A

more intense

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48
Q

after the reversal of the neurons charge there is

A

a brief period before it can reset back to normal resting potential

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49
Q

during this period its is not possible for

A

the neurons to fire again

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50
Q

absolute refractory period

A

the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin

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51
Q

neuronal axons out to __ with other neurons

A

communicate

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52
Q

those axons often reach the __

A

dendrites of another neuron

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53
Q

we call the first neuron

A

pre-synaptic

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54
Q

we call the second neuron post-synaptic

A

the neuron receiving a signal

55
Q

pre-synaptic

A

the neuron sending a signal

56
Q

post-synaptic

A

the neuron receiving a signal

57
Q

when neurons form a connection with other neurons

A

synapse

58
Q

synapse

A

is a specialized junction or connection between two neurons that allows for the tranelectrochemical signals

59
Q

it is where __ and __ occur in the nervous system

A

communication and signal transmission

60
Q

it enables

A

neurons to transmit information to other cells

61
Q

most neurons dont __ each other

A

touch

62
Q

synaptic gap

A

the small space between the axon terminal of a pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron

63
Q

what happens here

A

chemicals are released form the pre-synaptic neuron onto the post-synaptic heron

64
Q

allows for

A

neurons to communicate chemically

65
Q

the primary mechanism by which neurons communicate is

A

through chemical transmission

66
Q

neurons send __ across the synaptic gap

A

molecules

67
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that facilitate communication between neurons

68
Q

there are 8 key stages in neurotransmission

A

1) synthesis
2) transportation and storage
3) release
4) binding
5) deactivation
6) autoreceptor activation
7) reuptake
8) degradation

69
Q

in order for neurotransmitters to be released, they

A

they must first be produced

70
Q

neurotransmitters are produced within

A

neurons from precursor molecules

71
Q

synthesis

A

the process by which the body produces neurotransmiters which are essential for nerve cell communication

72
Q

where are neurotransmitters stored

A

stored in containers called vesicles

73
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

a small structure within a neuron that stores neurotransmitters, releasing them into the synaptic cleft to facilitate communication with other neurons

74
Q

neurotransmitters produced in the cell body of a neuron must then be

A

transported to the axon where they will be released

75
Q

the release of neurotransmitters is triggered by action

A

action potentials

76
Q

action potentials travel

A

down the axons length

77
Q

when they reach the end there are

A

axon terminals

78
Q

when the action potential reaches an axon terminal it causes

A

neurotransmitters to be release into the synaptic gap

79
Q

exocytosis

A

the process of moving molecules form within a cell to the exterior of the cell

80
Q

neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to the post-synaptic cell causing

A

some biological change/activity in the post-synaptic cell

81
Q

receptors

A

proteins on the surface of neurons that neurotransmitters bind to, allowing for the transmisson of signals between the nerve cells

82
Q

what happens when a reurotransmitter reaches a post- synaptic neuron

A

neurotransmitters bind to a receptor which can excite or inhibit the neuron that they bound to

83
Q

this makes it

A

either more or less likely to fire an action potential

84
Q

excitation

A

occurs when neurotransmitters increase a neurons potential for firing an action potential

85
Q

inhibitition

A

happens when neurotransmitters decrease a neurons potential for firing an action potential

86
Q

after binding the effects of neurotransmitters must be

A

neutralized

87
Q

this occurs when

A

the neurotransmiteer unbinds from these receptors

88
Q

prevents

A

neurotransmiters from having neveer0-ending effects in the synapse

89
Q

deactivation

A

the process of terminating or reducing the effect of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft to ensure controlled neural signaling

90
Q

what happens to neurotransmitters left unbound in the synaptic gap

A
91
Q

there are three main prcoesses by whihc neurotransmitters are elmintaed form the synapse

A

1) diffusion
2) reuptake
3) degradation

92
Q

diffusion

A

neurotransmitters simply drift out of the synaptic cleft where they are absorbed by glial cells

93
Q

some neurotransmitters also bind to the neuron that

A

released them

94
Q

autoreceptors

A

receptors on the releasing (pre-synaptic) neuron

95
Q

reuptake

A

the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron after it has been released into the synaptic cleft

96
Q

some neurotransmitters may also be removed form the synaptic gap by

A

being reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron

97
Q

enzymes can facilitate deactivation by

A

breaking apart neurotransmitter molecules

98
Q

enzymatic degradation

A

when enzymes in the synaptic cleft break down neurotransmitter molecules into inactive byproducts terminating their signaling effect

99
Q

neurons produces many

A

different types of neurotransmitters

100
Q

some neurotrasnmitters are only produced by

A

specific small groups or neuorns in the brain

101
Q

neurotransmitters share four common properties

A

1) they are synthesized in the neuron
2) they are stored in the synaptic terminals
3) they are released when a neuron has an action potential
4) they are deactivated/removed form the synapse after neurotransmisson

102
Q

the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

103
Q

when it binds to GABA receptors it

A

neuronal excitation when it binds to GABA receptors

104
Q

the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

glutamate

105
Q

when it binds to glutamate receptors it

A

increases neuronal excitation when it binds to glutamate receptors

106
Q

serve as the

A

the most abundant-common neurotransmitter in the brain that serve these two functions

107
Q

both are narrowly or widely distributed throughout the brain

A

widely

108
Q

many anti-anxiety drugs work by

A

targeting GABA

109
Q

two examples

A

Benzodiazepines valium/diazepam

110
Q

works by

A

suppressing CNS activity

111
Q

this is because

A

GABA is a primarily inhibitory neurotransmitter ( reduces GABA is a primarily inhibitory neurotransmisson/arousal)

112
Q

monoamines

A

are a group of GABA is a primarily inhibitory neurotransmitter

113
Q

say 3 examples

A

dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and serotonin

114
Q

dopamine is involved in

A

moment and reward (pleasure)

115
Q

give two examples when its released

A

eating, sex, etc.

116
Q

noradrenaline

A

mobilize the brain and body for action, increases attention and vigilance; released during stress/fear (fight-or flight response)

117
Q

serotionin

A

involved in many complex behaviours/cognitions

118
Q

gives three examples of cognitions its involved in

A

sleep, mood, memory

119
Q

dopamine is secreted

A

small group of neurons in the brains

120
Q

when these become damages it leads to

A

parkison’s disease

121
Q

parkinsons disease

A

a progressive neurological disorder characterized by symptoms like tremors, slowness of movement, muscle stiffness and balance problems

122
Q

many antidepressant drugs target

A

serotonin

123
Q

give an example

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

124
Q

SSIs function by

A

blocking serotonin reuptake which leaves more serotonin in the synaptic gap

125
Q

Norepineprhine is synthesized form

A

dopamine

126
Q

acts as

A

a neurotransmitter and as a hormone

127
Q

Drigs fro attention deficit disroders typically traget

A

NE

128
Q

Give an example

A

Amphetamines

129
Q

Amphetamines ___ Ne levels in the ___

A

increase brain

130
Q

Acetylcholine is the only

A

transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles

131
Q

required for

A

all movement

132
Q

primary neurotransmitter of the

A

parasympathetic nervous system

133
Q

some posions block acetylcholine give two examples

A

atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade)

midterm (9 decks)

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