Week 5 Flashcards
what are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
the central system and the peripheral nervous system
What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?
it is made up of all nerves that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord
embryology
the branch that studied the development of embryos and fetuses from fertilization to birth to hatching
meninges
layers of protective tissue below the skull
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, serving as a protects cushion and providing essential nutrients while removing waste products
Where is cerebrospinal produced
In the Ventricles
Ventricles
Fluid-filled cavities within the brain that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
The cerebrum
Makes up the visual surface of most of the brain
Sulcus
A depression or fissure in the surface of the brain
Gyrus
A ridge on the surface of the brain
Longitudinal Fissure
separates the left hemisphere form the right hemisphere
Commissures
structures that connect the two brain hemispheres
corpus collosum
the two hemispheres that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
what is the thalamus responsible for
is responsible for relaying most sensory signals to their respective cortices
What is the hypothalamus involved in
involved in the regulation of basic biological needs
cerebellum
is a large deeply folded structure next to the back surface of the brainstem
What is the cerebellum responsible for
responsible for coordination of fine movement and balance
Sagittal Section
Divides the brain into left and right halves, providing a medial-lateral view
coronal section
divides the brain into front and back portions, offering a front-facing view
horizontal (transverse) section
divides the brain into upper and lower parts, providing a top-down view
Neurons
specialized cells in the nervous system that transit electrical and chemical signals, establishing communication within the brain and throughout the body
glial cells
non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons in the nervous system
Blood brain barrier
prevents foreign material (eg. viruses, drugs, etc) from the bloodstream from entering the brain
there are a wide variety of types of glial cells with differing functions like
- immune regulation
- production of cerebrospinal fluid
- formation of the blood brain barrier by astrocytes
White matter
Is composed of myelinated axons and serves as the communication network for transmitting information without the CNS
Nerves
Budnems of specialized cells in the peripheral nervous system that transmit signals between the central nervous system and the body, enabling sensory perception and movement
Where do nerves typically transmit information between
Between the CNS and the body
Neurons have several main parts common to all human cells
Soma
Nucleus
Membrane
Neurons have several specialized parts thag are unique and are not generally found in other cell types
Axons
Dendrites
Myelin sheath
Axon terminals
What are dendritic covered in
Dendritic spines
Dendritic spines
Small protruding structures found on the surface of densities in neurons
What do dendritic spines do
Act as a recording point for chemicals release by other neurons
What are neuronal axons coated in
Myelin
Myelin sheath
Is a insulting material, derived from specialized glial cells
What does Myelin sheath do
Acts to speed up action potentials (the electrical signals if neurons)
What happens when myelin degenerates
It leads to multiple sclerosis
Resting potential
Is the baseline electrical chatge across a neurons membrane when at rest
the extracellular fluid
The difference in charge between the inside the cell and the outside the cell
Elextrical charge for resting potential
70 milivolts
Resting potential charge is maintained by two key main features
- Ion chemicals
- Sodium potassium pump
Sodium potassium pump
A cellular protien thag actively transports sodium jobs out of cells and pattassum ions into cells, maintaing ion balance essential for cell function
Ion channels
Specialized proteins in the cell membrane that selectively allow specific ions, like sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride to pass through
Action potential
Is a very brief shift in a neurons electrical charge thay travels along an axon
Where does action typically begin
Near the soma of the neuron
Absolute refractory Peruod
The minimum lenght of time after an action potentials during which another action potential cannot begin
Synapse
Is a specialized junction or connection between two neurons that allows fir the transfer of electrochemical signals
They enable
Neurons to transmit information to other cells
Synaptic gap
The small space between thr axon terminal of a pre-synaptic neuron and post-snaptic neuron
