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Zoology > week 7 > Flashcards

week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

1st principle of evolution

A

different type of animals exist

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2
Q

Who was the first person to write down a list of animals?

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

When did the age of discovery begin?

A

1490

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4
Q

What happened during the age of discovery

A

European exploration lead to new animal discoveries

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5
Q

What two scientists are credited with the breakthrough of evolution by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace

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6
Q

What happened during the age of enlightenment?

A

Biodiversity was reconsidered

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7
Q

What concepts were understood by ancient humans

A

different animals exist, animals live in populations that have niches

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8
Q

what does it mean when something is emperical

A

able to be proved through observation on experimentation

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9
Q

Who is the father of empirical taxonomy

A

carl linnaeus

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10
Q

What is taxonomy

A

classification of organisms, sorted into types & hierarchical groups

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11
Q

What differences does morphology identify between organisms

A

physical

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12
Q

What differences does ecology identify between organisms

A

feeding

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13
Q

What differences does breeding identify between organisms

A

if interbreeding happens

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14
Q

What differences does DNA identify between organisms

A

how closely related species are

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15
Q

What is Binomial nomenclature

A

the system of naming species

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16
Q

Order of Binomial nomenclature

A

Genus name, species epithet, author, year

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17
Q

What does data for empirical taxonomy need to be

A

accurate, representative, replicable, definitive, revisable

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18
Q

2nd Principle of Evolution

A

each animal type forms populations with distinct niches

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19
Q

What is type locality

A

Distinguishing type by location

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20
Q

Can different animal types interbreed

A

no

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21
Q

Can animals from different populations interbreed

A

No

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22
Q

what is the first prezygotic isolation mechanism?

A

geographical separation

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23
Q

What is allopatry

A

a population physically isolated from other isolations by a barrier

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24
Q

What are the types of allopatry

A

barrier formation, immigration, population subdivision

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25
Q

What is barrier formation

A

an appearance of new dispersal behavior caused by a geological factor

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26
Q

What is vicariant isolation

A

population divided into two separated by a geographic barrier

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27
Q

What is immigration isolation

A

new population made in a distant place

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28
Q

What organisms in immigration isolation go back to their original location?

A

No

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29
Q

What is population subdivision

A

ecological isolation in response to an environmental change that makes land uninhabitable

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30
Q

What is Altitudal zonation

A

different climate zones at different elevations

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31
Q

what is the perinuclear space?

A

the space between the inner & outer membranes of the nuclear envelope

32
Q

How many bilayers do the nuclear pores go through?

A

2

33
Q

Purpose of endoplasmic reticulum (ER

A

to export vesicles to golgi

34
Q

Purpose of endomembrane system

A

to transport lipids & proteins

35
Q

what does the golgi produce

A

produce lysosomes

36
Q

what are lysosomes

A

digestive vesicles

37
Q

where are ribosomes assembled

A

in the nucleolus

38
Q

what do nuclear pores regulate

A

proteins

39
Q

what is the purpose of nuclear pores regulating proteins

A

to bring proteins for ribosome assembly

40
Q

where is tRNA produced

A

in nucleus then finishes in the cytoplasm

41
Q

what does the primary structure of tRNA consist of

A

nucleotide sequence

42
Q

what does the secondary structure of tRNA consist of

A

folding back on itself due to H bonding

43
Q

what does the tertiary structure of tRNA consist of

A

3D twisting occurring in an aqueous solution

44
Q

what end do amino acids join tRNAs during amino acid activation

A

at the acceptor end

45
Q

where does amino acid activation require energy from

A

ATP

46
Q

what codon complements mRNA codons

A

tRNA codons

47
Q

what starts translation

A

ribosome attaching to the mRNA

48
Q

what direction does translation go in

A

5 to 3

49
Q

what amino acid connects to the tRNA triplet code

A

methioine

50
Q

what does the small ribosome subunit do at the beginning of translation?

A

bind & pair mRNA to tRNA

51
Q

does tRNA or mRNA contain an anticodon

A

tRNA

52
Q

does tRNA or mRNA contain a codon

A

mRNA

53
Q

where does the large ribosome subunit attach to?

A

small ribosome unit

54
Q

what are the binding sites for tRNAs

A

aminoacyl, peptidyl, exit

55
Q

what happens at the peptidyl site

A

where tRNA (w/ met) binds to large ribosome subunit

56
Q

what happens at the aminoacyl site

A

tRNA that binds here matches to the peptide code sequence

57
Q

where is peptide bonding in translation

A

between two amino acids covalently bonded to tRNAs

58
Q

where does wobble pairing occur

A

between tRNA and mRNA codons

59
Q

Guanine pairs with

A

cytosine

60
Q

uracil pairs with

A

adenine

61
Q

what happens at the exit site

A

tRNAs are released to make room for incoming tRNAs

62
Q

what is the elongation cycle

A

process of polypeptide building

63
Q

what happens in the elongation cycle

A

ribosome progresses along the mRNA

64
Q

What happens in the decoding step of the elongation cycle?

A

pairing of a tRNA w an mRNA codon at A site

65
Q

What happens in the peptidyl transfer step of the elongation cycle?

A

peptide bonding that transfers polypeptide from P site to A site

66
Q

What happens in the translocation step of the elongation cycle?

A

transfers discharged tRNA to exit site

67
Q

What happens to the peptide chain in translocation

A

It is transferred to P site and fully assembles

68
Q

what does elongation need to do to start

A

requires energy output from GTP

69
Q

what does elongation need to end

A

GTP energy input to disassemble

70
Q

When does translation end

A

when the ribosome reaches the stop codon

71
Q

What amino acids or tRNAs correspond to Stop codons?

A

None

72
Q

What can pair with the stop codon?

A

Release Factor Protein

73
Q

What happens to the polypeptide chain with the release factor protein?

A

Release factor protein causes hydrolysis that moves the peptide chain to tRNA at P site and then releases it

74
Q

What are the two ways ribosomes can perform translation

A

free floating and docked

75
Q

where are docked ribosomes attached

A

to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

76
Q

what do endosomes do

A

they regulate traffic of proteins & lipids in compartments

77
Q

What happens in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

carb & lipid synthesis

Zoology (7 decks)

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