week 7 Flashcards
1st principle of evolution
different type of animals exist
Who was the first person to write down a list of animals?
Aristotle
When did the age of discovery begin?
1490
What happened during the age of discovery
European exploration lead to new animal discoveries
What two scientists are credited with the breakthrough of evolution by natural selection
Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace
What happened during the age of enlightenment?
Biodiversity was reconsidered
What concepts were understood by ancient humans
different animals exist, animals live in populations that have niches
what does it mean when something is emperical
able to be proved through observation on experimentation
Who is the father of empirical taxonomy
carl linnaeus
What is taxonomy
classification of organisms, sorted into types & hierarchical groups
What differences does morphology identify between organisms
physical
What differences does ecology identify between organisms
feeding
What differences does breeding identify between organisms
if interbreeding happens
What differences does DNA identify between organisms
how closely related species are
What is Binomial nomenclature
the system of naming species
Order of Binomial nomenclature
Genus name, species epithet, author, year
What does data for empirical taxonomy need to be
accurate, representative, replicable, definitive, revisable
2nd Principle of Evolution
each animal type forms populations with distinct niches
What is type locality
Distinguishing type by location
Can different animal types interbreed
no
Can animals from different populations interbreed
No
what is the first prezygotic isolation mechanism?
geographical separation
What is allopatry
a population physically isolated from other isolations by a barrier
What are the types of allopatry
barrier formation, immigration, population subdivision
What is barrier formation
an appearance of new dispersal behavior caused by a geological factor
What is vicariant isolation
population divided into two separated by a geographic barrier
What is immigration isolation
new population made in a distant place
What organisms in immigration isolation go back to their original location?
No
What is population subdivision
ecological isolation in response to an environmental change that makes land uninhabitable
What is Altitudal zonation
different climate zones at different elevations
what is the perinuclear space?
the space between the inner & outer membranes of the nuclear envelope
How many bilayers do the nuclear pores go through?
2
Purpose of endoplasmic reticulum (ER
to export vesicles to golgi
Purpose of endomembrane system
to transport lipids & proteins
what does the golgi produce
produce lysosomes
what are lysosomes
digestive vesicles
where are ribosomes assembled
in the nucleolus
what do nuclear pores regulate
proteins
what is the purpose of nuclear pores regulating proteins
to bring proteins for ribosome assembly
where is tRNA produced
in nucleus then finishes in the cytoplasm
what does the primary structure of tRNA consist of
nucleotide sequence
what does the secondary structure of tRNA consist of
folding back on itself due to H bonding
what does the tertiary structure of tRNA consist of
3D twisting occurring in an aqueous solution
what end do amino acids join tRNAs during amino acid activation
at the acceptor end
where does amino acid activation require energy from
ATP
what codon complements mRNA codons
tRNA codons
what starts translation
ribosome attaching to the mRNA
what direction does translation go in
5 to 3
what amino acid connects to the tRNA triplet code
methioine
what does the small ribosome subunit do at the beginning of translation?
bind & pair mRNA to tRNA
does tRNA or mRNA contain an anticodon
tRNA
does tRNA or mRNA contain a codon
mRNA
where does the large ribosome subunit attach to?
small ribosome unit
what are the binding sites for tRNAs
aminoacyl, peptidyl, exit
what happens at the peptidyl site
where tRNA (w/ met) binds to large ribosome subunit
what happens at the aminoacyl site
tRNA that binds here matches to the peptide code sequence
where is peptide bonding in translation
between two amino acids covalently bonded to tRNAs
where does wobble pairing occur
between tRNA and mRNA codons
Guanine pairs with
cytosine
uracil pairs with
adenine
what happens at the exit site
tRNAs are released to make room for incoming tRNAs
what is the elongation cycle
process of polypeptide building
what happens in the elongation cycle
ribosome progresses along the mRNA
What happens in the decoding step of the elongation cycle?
pairing of a tRNA w an mRNA codon at A site
What happens in the peptidyl transfer step of the elongation cycle?
peptide bonding that transfers polypeptide from P site to A site
What happens in the translocation step of the elongation cycle?
transfers discharged tRNA to exit site
What happens to the peptide chain in translocation
It is transferred to P site and fully assembles
what does elongation need to do to start
requires energy output from GTP
what does elongation need to end
GTP energy input to disassemble
When does translation end
when the ribosome reaches the stop codon
What amino acids or tRNAs correspond to Stop codons?
None
What can pair with the stop codon?
Release Factor Protein
What happens to the polypeptide chain with the release factor protein?
Release factor protein causes hydrolysis that moves the peptide chain to tRNA at P site and then releases it
What are the two ways ribosomes can perform translation
free floating and docked
where are docked ribosomes attached
to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
what do endosomes do
they regulate traffic of proteins & lipids in compartments
What happens in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
carb & lipid synthesis
