week 2 Flashcards
covalent bond
atoms share unpaired electrons
polar-covalent bond
atoms shared unequally in electronegativity in a covalent bond
molecule
atoms joined in covalent bonds
ionic molecules
unbalanced molecules
hydronium
takes proton
hydroxide
loses proton
acid
proton-donor molecules
base
proton-accepter
Cohesion
Like molecules attract eachother
specific heat
H bonds make H2O harder to heat
heat of vaporization
elevated boiling point
adhesion
Different molecules attract eachother
hydrophilic
polar; loves water
hydrophobic
non-polar; cant react w water
lake stratification
water stratifies into layers in winter & summer
lake turnover
disrupts stratification
anabolism
high free energy, constructs molecules
catabolism
breaks down molecules, low free energy
First trophic level
Primary producer
Second trophic level
Primary consumer
Third trophic level
Secondary consumer
Fourth trophic level
Tertiary consumer
What ingredients are used by plants to build macromolecules
Carbon/oxygen from carbon dioxide, oxygen/hydrogen from water
Energy source for a producer
Sunlight
Energy source for a consumer
Free energy in macromolecules
Ruminants are in which trophic level?
Primary consumer
Stomach size of a concentrate selector
Small
Stomach size of a grass/roughage eater
Large
Stomach size of a mixed grazer/browser
Medium
Which trophic level always has greatest biomass and free energy
First, primary producer
What factors contribute to inefficient energy transfer between trophic levels
Energy used at lower levels cant be transferred (too much plant)
Incomplete macromolecule breakdown (waste w unharvested energy)
Competition
Within the same trophic level
Predation
Between different levels
Resource partitioning
Different species focus on different resources
How does resource paritioning affect competition
It decreases competition among a level
Primary production is limiting
Bottom up
Predation is limiting
Top down
Chemical bond that made water
Polar covalent
Why is an antacid able to neutralize an acidic solution
Its composed of basic molecules that capture protons
Hydrogen bond
Opposite partial charges attract
What causes water to have high specific heat
Cohesion
What causes water to be a universal solvent
Adhesion
Temp of bottom of lake
4° C
In a carb polymer, where is additonal free energy held
Within covalent bonds that link monomers
Exergonic reaction
Release excess energy
Endergonic reaction
Input of outside energy
Hindgut fermenter
Non-ruminant
Elongated intestine for prolonged fermentation
What happens to the free energy as you go up in the trophic levels?
It decreases
Detritivore
An animal that eats dead organic material
What happens when an ecosystem has less primary productivity?
It supports fewer trophic levels
