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Medical Terminology > Week 6: Lymphatic and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Week 6: Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is a protein released by blood cells to destroy invading foreign organisms or substances?

A

Antibody

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2
Q

What is a substance that, on entering the body, prompts the generation of antibodies, causing an immune response?

A

Antigen

anti = against
gen = forming, producing, origin

Anything that causes an immune response.

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3
Q

What is a type of immune response by the body against its own cells or tissues?

A

Autoimmune

auto = self, same

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4
Q

What are microscopic blood vessels that connect the ends of the smallest arteries (arterioles) with the smallest veins (venules) of the circulatory system?

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

What is a the production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow; also called hemopoiesis?

A

Hematopoiesis

hemat/o = blood
poiesis = formation, production

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6
Q

What is the defense function of the body that protects it against invading pathogens, foreign tissues, and malignancies?

What is the decreased or compromised ability to fight disease or a condition resulting from a defective immune mechanism?

A

Immune response

Immunodeficiency

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7
Q

What is the fluid between cells and in tissue spaces?

A

Interstitial fluid

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8
Q

What is a type of white blood cell (WBC) found in the lymph nodes, spleen, bloodstream, and lymph that functions in the body’s immune system by recognizing and deactivating foreign substances (antigens)?

What are large WBCs formed in bone marrow that circulate in the bloodstream and destroy pathogenic bacteria through phagocytosis?

A

Lymphocyte

lymph = lymph

Monocytes

mono = one

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9
Q

What is a branch of medicine concerned with the study of cancerous growths (malignancies)?

A

Oncology

onc/o = tumor

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10
Q

What are any microorganisms capable of producing disease?

A

Pathogens

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11
Q

What is a collection of blood or a blood component from a donor followed by its infusion into a recipient?

A

Transfusion

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12
Q

What is the study of blood and blood-forming tissues and the diseases associated with these tissues? Who are those specialized in this medicine?

A

Hematology

Hematologists

Historically, hematologists were the first to use chemical therapies (chemotherapy) to treat hematological malignancies. With time, it was discovered that these treatments could also be effective on the so-called solid tumors, such as breast, lung, and stomach cancers (previously treated only with surgery). Consequently, hematology became closely associated with the medical specialty of oncology. Oncological terms are included throughout all body systems.

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13
Q

What is the study of the body’s protection from invading organisms and its responses to them?

A

Immunology

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14
Q

What is a major function of blood?

What are the two main components of blood?

A

The major function of blood is to transport oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body and remove carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products from the cells.

The two main components of blood are plasma and formed elements, such as erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]), leukocytes (white blood cells [WBCs]), and platelets or thrombocytes (clotting cells).

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15
Q

Where are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets produced?

A

In the bone marrow.

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16
Q

What are the four main blood types?

What are the blood type groups based on?

What do the antigens on the RBCs known as that stimulate production of antibodies?

A

A, B, AB, and O.

The presence or absence of A or B antigens on the RBCs.

Markers

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17
Q

What can happen if someone receives a transfusion of the wrong blood type?

A

Incompatible transfusions can result in serious, possibly fatal, reactions. For example, antibodies contained in type A blood and type B blood can cause each other to agglutinate (clump together). Because type O blood does not contain A or B antigens, type O blood may be given to a person with any of the other blood type.

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18
Q

What is a universal donor?

A

A person with type O blood.

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19
Q

What is a universal recipient?

A

A person with type AB blood.

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20
Q

What are the other antigen factors called that are not referring to blood types?

A

Rh factors

When these antigens are present on RBCs, the blood type is further classified as Rh-positive (Rh+). When these antigens are not present, the blood type is classified as Rh-negative (Rh–). A person with Rh+ blood may receive a transfusion with Rh+ or Rh– blood. However, a person with Rh– blood can receive a transfusion with only Rh– blood.

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21
Q

What is a system that consists of lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and three organs: the tonsils, thymus, and spleen?

A

The lymphatic system.

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22
Q

Where does the lymph come from and what does it contain?

A

It comes from the blood.

It contains WBCs (leukocytes) responsible for immunity, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

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23
Q

How is interstitial fluid created?

A

When certain components of blood plasma filter through tiny capillaries into the space between the cells, called interstitial (or intercellular) spaces.

inter = between
stit = standing or positioned

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24
Q

What thin-walled vessels absorb most interstitial fluid from the interstitial (or intercellular) spaces?

At this point of absorption, interstitial fluid becomes lymph and passes through lymphatic tissue called?

A

Lymph capillaries

Lymph nodes

The nodes are located in clusters in such areas as the neck (cervical lymph nodes), under the arm (axillary lymph nodes), pelvis (iliac lymph nodes), and groin (inguinal lymph nodes). These nodes act as filters against foreign materials. Eventually, lymph reaches large lymph vessels in the upper chest and reenters the bloodstream.

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25
Q

What are the different clusters of lymph nodes? (4)

A

Cervical lymph nodes, axillary lymph nodes, iliac lymph nodes, and groin lymph nodes.

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26
Q

What is closely involved with immune response?

A

The lymphatic and immune systems.

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27
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

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28
Q

Name all of the areas!

A
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29
Q

agglutin/o

A

clumping, gluing

agglutin/ation

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30
Q

-ation

A

Process (of)

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31
Q

embol/o

A

embol/o

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32
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

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33
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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34
Q

immun/o

A

immune, immunity, safe

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34
Q

immun/o

A

immune, immunity, safe

35
Q

lymph/o

lymphaden/o

lymphangi/o

A

lymph

lymph gland (node)

lymph vessel

36
Q

phag/o

-phage

A

swallowing, eating

swallowing, eating

37
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

38
Q

-emia

-phylaxis

A

blood condition

protection

39
Q

-stasis

A

standing still

40
Q

Diseases and Conditions of the Blood System

Blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of red blood cell (RBC) production and hemoglobin, increased RBC destruction, or blood loss?

What are the four anemias?

A

Anemia

Aplastic, pernicious, thalassemia, and sickle cell.

41
Q

Diseases and Conditions of the Blood System

Failure of bone marrow to produce stem cells because it has been damaged by disease, cancer, radiation, or chemotherapy drugs; rare but serious form of anemia?

A

Aplastic

42
Q

Diseases and Conditions of the Blood System

Deficiency of erythrocytes resulting from inability to absorb vitamin into the body, which plays a vital role in hematopoiesis?

A

Pernicious

43
Q

Diseases and Conditions of the Blood System

Group of hereditary anemias characterized by less hemoglobin and fewer RBCs in the body than normal; usually seen in people of Mediterranean origin?

A

thalassemia

Thalass/o = sea

44
Q

Diseases and Conditions of the Blood System

Group of hereditary bleeding disorders characterized by a deficiency of one of the factors necessary for coagulation of blood?

A

Hemophilia

45
Q

Diseases and Conditions of the Blood System

Malignant disease of bone marrow characterized by excessive production of leukocytes?

A

Leukemia

46
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System

Transmissible infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and associated with suppression of the immune system; characterized by increasing susceptibility to infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS

47
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System

Any of a group of diseases, either congenital or acquired, caused by a defect in the immune system and generally characterized by susceptibility to infections and chronic diseases

A

Immunodeficiency disease

48
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System

Kaposi Sarcoma

A

Malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue, that is commonly fatal (because the tumors readily metastasize to various organs) and closely associated with AIDS; also called malignant neoplasm of soft tissue

49
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System

Inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually as a result of infection, obstruction, or removal of lymph channels

A

lymphadenitis

lymph = lymph

aden = gland

itis = inflammation

50
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System

Accumulation of fluid in soft tissue resulting from blockage of lymph that prevents lymph fluid from draining, and the fluid buildup leads to swelling; may be caused by inflammation, obstruction, or removal of lymph channels

A

Lymphedema

edema = swelling

51
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System

Any malignant tumor of the lymph nodes or other lymph tissue

A

Lymphoma

52
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System

Malignant disease involving the lymph nodes and the spleen; characterized by the presence of unique Reed-Sternberg cells (malignant) in the lymph nodes

A group of more than 20 different types of lymphomas that occur in older adults but are not characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells (malignant cells)

A

Hodgkin; also called classical Hodgkin lymphoma or Hodgkin disease

Non-Hodgkin (except Hodgkin lymphoma)

53
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System

Acute infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by a sore throat, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes

A

mononucleosis

54
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System

Malignant disease of bone marrow plasma cells (antibody-producing B lymphocytes)

A

Multiple myeloma

55
Q

Lymphatic and Immune System

Any infection that results from a defective immune system that cannot defend against pathogens normally found in the environment

A

Opportunistic infection

56
Q

Diagnostic Infection

Removal of a small amount of tissue (bone marrow biopsy) to diagnose blood disorders (e.g., anemias), cancers, or infectious diseases or to gather cells for later infusion into a patient (bone marrow transplantation)

A

bone marrow aspiration

57
Q

Diagnostic Infection

Series of blood tests to determine general health status as well as screening for infection, anemias, and other diseases

A

complete blood count (CBC) also called CBC

58
Q

Diagnostic Infection

Test to screen blood for presence of HIV antibodies or for other disease-causing substance

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

59
Q

Diagnostic Infection

Radiographic examination of lymph glands and lymphatic vessels after an injection of a contrast medium to view the path of lymph flow as it moves into the chest region

A

lymphangiography

angi/o = vessel (usually blood or lymph)

60
Q

Diagnostic Infection

Technique used to determine the histocompatibility of tissues; used to match donor grafts and transplants with the recipient’s tissues and cells; also known as histocompatibility testing

A

tissue typing

61
Q

Diagnostic Infection

Test to detect presence of viral DNA in blood and used to confirm the diagnosis of AIDS as well as for detecting other viruses

A

Western Blot

62
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

Administration of whole blood or a component, such as packed red blood cells (RBCs), to replace blood lost through trauma, surgery, or disease

A

blood transfusion

63
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

Diseased bone marrow is destroyed by irradiation and chemotherapy and replaced from a healthy donor to simulate production of normal blood cells; used to treat aplastic anemia, leukemia, and certain cancers

A

bone marrow transplant

64
Q

Medical and Surgical Procedures

Removal of a lymph vessel

A

lymphangiectomy

65
Q

Pharmacology

Prevent or delay blood coagulation

A

anticoagulants

66
Q

Pharmacology

Vaccination or injection of immune globulins to induce immunity to a particular infectious disease

A

immunizations

67
Q

Pharmacology

Suppress the immune response to prevent organ rejection after transplantation or slow the progression of autoimmune disease

A

immunosuppressants

68
Q

Pharmacology

Dissolve a blood clot

A

thrombolytics

69
Q

Pharmacology

Introduction of altered antigens (viruses or bacteria) into the body to produce an immune response and protect against disease

A

vaccinations

70
Q

What does the sickle or crescent-shaped RBCs become that blocks flow of blood to smaller vessels?

A

Rigid and sticky

The incidence of sickle cell anemia is highest among African Americans and people of Mediterranean ancestry. There is no cure for sickle cell anemia. Treatment is palliative and relieves pain and prevents further exacerbations associated with this disease.

71
Q

What is an autoimmune disease characterized by unusual antibodies in blood that inflame and damage connective tissues anywhere in the body?

It occurs in the skin, joints, nervous system, kidneys, and lungs and typically results in a butterfly rash that appears on the face. This autoimmune disease affects women more often than men and is usually diagnosed between ages 15 and 45 years.

A

Systemic lupus erythematous

Although the exact cause of SLE is unknown, it is thought that genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors may predispose a person to this disease. Events that can precipitate SLE include stress, immunization reactions, pregnancy, and overexposure to ultraviolet light. Symptoms of SLE include fatigue, low-grade fever, anorexia, and weight loss. Additional symptoms include photosensitivity, arthralgia, myalgia, hair loss, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and Raynaud phenomenon (circulatory disorder of the fingers and toes). Treatment includes anti-inflammatory agents, including aspirin, antimalarial drugs, and immune suppressants. Other treatments include rest, stress reduction, avoiding the sun, regular exercise to prevent fatigue and joint stiffness, and smoking cessation. The illustration below shows the characteristic butterfly shaped, erythematous rash over the bridge of the nose that spreads out over the cheeks.

72
Q

Review

______________ is a disease characterized by deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs), or hemoglobin.

A

Anemia

73
Q

Review

______________ is an acute infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by a sore throat, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes.

A

Mononucleosis

74
Q

Review

______________ is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects many body systems.

A

SLE or systemic lupus erythematous

75
Q

Review

______________ is inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes.

A

lymphadenitis

76
Q

Review

______________ is a radiographic examination of lymph glands and lymphatic vessels after an injection of a contrast medium.

A

Lymphangiography

77
Q

Review

______________ is also known as histocompatibility testing.

A

Tissue typing

78
Q

Review

______________ refers to malignant tumors of the lymphatic system with presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

A

Hodgkin disease

79
Q

Review

______________ is the retrovirus that causes AIDS.

______________ is induced by infection with HIV.

A

HIV (human immunodeficiency disease)

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

80
Q

Review

______________ is a malignant disease of the bone marrow characterized by excessive production of leukocytes.

A

Leukemia

81
Q

Review

______________ is a test to detect HIV antibodies.

A

ELISA

82
Q

Review

______________ is a debilitating condition of localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by blockage.

A

Lymphedema

83
Q

Review

______________ is a hereditary bleeding disorder.

A

Hemophilia

84
Q

What do the following abbreviations mean?

A, B, AB, O
AIDS
CA
DNA
CDC
EBV
ELISA
HIV
KS
PCP
RBC, rbc
SLE
WBC, wbc
WNL

A

blood types in ABO blood group
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
cancer
deoxyribonucleic acid
complete blood count
Epstein-Barr virus
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
human immunodeficiency virus
Kaposi sarcoma
; primary care physician, phencyclidine
Red blood cell
Systemic lupus erythematosus
White Blood cell
Within normal limits

85
Q
A

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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